In my last post I discussed whether Paul wrote the letter of Ephesians, whose author claims to be Paul, and explained why scholars widely think that in fact it was someone else. I discuss all the Pauline “forgeries” of early Christianity (including the six in the New Testament) in my book Forged. Here I thought it might be useful to consider a second example that involves a different set of problems: the “Second letter to the Thessalonians.” Again, this is taken from my book Forged (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2012).
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As a conservative evangelical Christian in my late teens and early twenties, there were few things I was more certain of, religiously, than the fact that Jesus was soon to return from heaven to take me and my fellow believers out of the world, at the “rapture” before the final tribulation came. We read all sorts of books that supported our view. Few people today realize that the best-selling book in English in the 1970s, apart from the Bible, was The Late Great Planet Earth written by a fundamentalist Christian named Hal Lindsey. Based on a careful (or careless, depending on your perspective) study of the book of Revelation and other biblical books of prophecy, Lindsey wrote with assurance about what was about to transpire in the Middle East as the superpowers of the Soviet Union, China, the European Union, and finally the United States converged into massive confrontation leading to an all-out nuclear holocaust, right before Jesus returned. All of this, we were told, had to happen before the end of the 1980s, as the Scripture itself taught.
It obviously never happened. And now there is no Soviet Union. But that hasn’t stopped people from writing about how the end will come very soon now, in our own day, at any time. On the recent book-selling front, dwarfing the sales of the Harry Potter books was the multi-volume Left Behind series about those who will not be taken in the imminent rapture. These books were co-authored by Jerry Jenkins and Timothy LeHaye, who previously enjoyed a career writing books with his wife Beverly about sex for Christians.
What most of the millions of people who believe that Jesus is coming back soon, in our lifetimes, don’t realize is that there have always been Christians who thought this about their own lifetimes. This was a prominent view among conservative Christians in the early 20th century, in the late 19th century, in the 18th century, in the 2nd century, in the 1st century, in fact, in just about every century. The one thing that everyone who has ever thought this has had in common, is that every one of them has been demonstrably and irrefutably wrong.
Paul himself thought
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Sorry, off subject but I have a *thing* about Free Will, since that seems to be how Christians “justify” eternal damnation. I don’t think Jesus believed that, or at least the Gospel authors. I believe people misread why Jesus spoke in parables.
Mark 4:9-12 “Whoever has ears to hear…but those on the *outside* get only parables”. (Why?) “So that they will see without ever perceiving and always hear but never understand, *otherwise* they might turn and be forgiven.” (I used to think they were to help people “see”) John 12:39-40 – same thing. Then John 6:64 “Yet there are some of you who don’t believe….This is why I told you no one can come to me unless the Father has *enabled* them.” Matt 11:25-27 “Thank you Father, you have *hidden* these things from the wise & intelligent…..no one knows the Father except the Son and those who the *Son chooses* to reveal Him to.” (no mention of *our* choice there!) See Romans 9:18+ – “….God hardens who God wants to harden.” Peter and Paul talk multiple times about the *predestined* *foreknown* elect. They were Jews: AKA God’s *chosen people,* that were saved by *grace alone* not *human will.*
If we look at Romans and justification by faith and how the law made Paul aware of what sin was in Chapter 7, the law of God and Law of sin and Rom 6:14, For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law but under grace.
Is it possible Paul is the “Man of lawlessness”.
Question, If Paul’s letters went into circulation before the Gospels especially Romans could the forged Pauline letters have been written as a kind of rebuttal against Paul’s gospel.
How confusing for the 1st-century christains. Even today with all of our “edumacation” we are still comparing and contrasting biblical doctrine and theory, can you imagine how confusing this would be for early century readers?
There are certainly forgeries in Paul’s name and certainly other forgeries (as well as authentic writings) that portray Paul as the enemy of the true Christian faith, but there aren’t any forgeries in Paul’s name that portray Paul as the enemy. So apparently not.
B…
I grew up in a very fundamentalist home (the Mennonites were too liberal for my parents). I listened to more sermons on Sunday morning, Sunday evening, and Wednesday Bible study, to remember, about the imminent coming of Christ. It was always used as a warning against “normal” teen behavior. Finally, as a 15-year-old, “saw the light” and rebelled and started my 25-year (from that time) journey to expunge all those sermons and Bible study from my life.
Now celebrating my 85th in August, I’m so enjoying your writings and only wish I had discovered them years ago. Continue your great work.
Dr. Ehrman
Is it true that the consensus
among scholars dates
2Thessalonians to some time
between 85-110 CE ?
I read your book years ago but
still have difficulty to compre-
hend how it actually worked
with a forged letter. Someone
writes a letter at least 20 years
after Paul’s death and sends it to
Thessalonia? Wouldn’t they
wonder why the letter arrived
so late? Is it plausible that a
christian in let say Rome is
displeased with how his fellow
christians in Rome behave and
what beliefs they hold on to.
The problem is that everybody
around him knows well that
Paul has been dead for a while
and can’t write new letters.
So he forges a letter, in it he
admonishes people in Thessalonia
for exactly those behaviors he
believes Roman are to blame for.
Now all he has to say to Romans
that he somehow obtained a copy
of Paul’s second letter to
Thessalonians. No questions
asked, maybe only few.
I obviously have not done any
scholarly research on this, but 5
minutes of intens thinking
in the shower.
Ah, good question. Part of the practice of forgery — when it comes to “letters” — is that the forged letter was (allegedly) addressed to a place but was not *sent* to that place. It was just put into circulation so readers would think that it originally went to that place. So, yes, your explanation is more the kind of thing that happened.
Unrelated. But I appreciate your insight and thoughts. I would not say unbiased (we all have them) nevertheless rich in historical context.
Has anyone written a good book that focuses specifically on how the delay of the Parousia affected the production of NT literature? Response to that delay and the expression of a realized eschatology inform several key texts. I’m aware of commentaries on individual books that discuss it but is there an overall?
Thanks
It’s been a major theme of scholarship for a long time, but offhand I can’t think of a single bok for a generl audience that lays it all out. Maybe someone else on the blog does?
I can confirm that back in the 70s and 80s Lindsey’s “Late Great” book was simply everywhere. It was impossible to find a newsstand or a used bookstore that didn’t stock that book. I was never an Evangelical and never bought into the end times idea, but I wonder how much this notion of the imminent return of Jesus was a part of the appeal of Evangelicalism. It’s certainly a topic that’s completely off the radar of Catholics.
That’s absolutely right. Bible study groups read it as though it were wrought Scripture, rather than the loopy imaginings of an evangelical L. Ron Hubbard wanna-be. Of course when all the events he has predicted over the years *don’t* come to pass, it’s a great opportunity for a new book explaining why *this time* will be different and the Rapture is definitely around the corner. Ka-ching!
I take it that Christians who take 2 Thessalonians seriously expect the temple to be reconstructed. How likely would that be, given that temple/sacrificial Judaism has been replaced with Rabbinic Judaism? That would be a huge step backward in the perspective of modern Jews, wouldn’t it? I’m not even sure that any ultra-orthodox would even support that sort of thing. But even if they did, the Israeli government wouldn’t be likely to support a rebuilding of the temple. Or am I wrong?
It’s unlikely for all sorts of reasons. One is the rather raw political reality that it would involve destroying the Dome of the Rock! I’ll be talking about the issue in my forthcoming book Armageddon.
I saw a program one time about a rancher in Utah (or maybe Wyoming — somewhere out West) who was raising purebred red cattle because according to the Bible a red heifer sacrifice will be necessary to consecrate a new Temple and he wanted to be the official sacrificial cattle supplier when the time came, which he was convinced was any time now. I don’t know where that guy is now, but I suspect his herd supplied McDonald’s rather than the Temple priesthood.
Are there other writings around the time of 2 Thessalonians that move the time of return goalpost? I would imagine there would be great stress in the Christian communities regarding this, and they would want to re-evaluate and alleviate this stress.
Oh yes, it’s a regular theme, even if sometimes made subtly. For example, the Gospel of Luke changes Jesus’ words so he no longer indicates that the End is coming right away; and 2 Peter explains that God has delayed to allow people more time to repent — and in any event, it it is “soon,” well, with God a day is as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day.
so according to the Jewish calendar this is God’s week!
Bart, did you mean to end this post mid-sentence with “Paul himself thought”? Seems like you had more to say…
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I grew up in the Southern Baptist church during the 70s and 80s and Hal Lindsay’s book was hammered into us non-stop! Jesus was coming back any minute and it was a gratuitous use of fear and terror to get us kids to come forward during the alter calls to commit.
Acts mentions Paul sending a message that we do not have (except in Acts) and shows him writing exactly zero of the letters we do have. So, we really have no evidence that Paul wrote any letters at all. The whole New Testament could be a verisimilitude. Christianity could be a verisimilitude. Is there any evidence at all that cannot be denounced as a forgery? Perhaps, the complications in the evidence reflect the complications of the people and the situations and the history.
We certainly have evidence. Whether you find the evidence satisfactory or not is another question. But we do have numerous letters claimnig to be written by Paul and Christian writers who claim that Paul wrote letters, and that’s as good of evidence you get for *anyone* in the ancient world writing anything. (What, for example, si the evidence that Plato, Cicero, or Plutarch wrote anything? Just their writings and the comments of others)
“Some scholars..that the forger is actually referring to 1 Thessalonians!”
I strongly agree with these scholars.
But I don’t agree with “the Thessalonians can rest assured, they are not yet at the final moment of history”
I think the 2 Thess forger(s) DID expect the end of the world,but not in the way Paul wrote , that’s why they forged 2 Thess , to replace a version of the EOW with another one.
2 Thess have the scent of Revelation, particularly the appealing to God’s revenge because of persecution.
2 Thess 1:4-9
“your perseverance and faith in all the persecutions and trials you are enduring”
“God is just: He will pay back trouble to those who trouble you”
“He will punish those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus”
“They will be PUNISHED with EVERLASTING DESTRUCTION“
I also see some of Rev imagery in 2 Thess
2 Thess 1:7
“when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven in BLAZING FIRE with his powerful angels”
Rev is particularly obsessed with FIRE, 23 times used !, and BLAZING FIRE used in Rev 1:14, 2:18, 19:12 but never in the undisputed ones.
2 Thess 2:8
“the Lord Jesus will overthrow with the breath of HIS MOUTH”
Jesus’s MOUTH is the favorite arm to fight non believers in Rev, (Rev 1:16,2:16,3:16,19:15,19:21) and also the arm of the “horses and raiders” (Rev 9:17) the two witnesses (Rev 11:5), the serpent (Rev 12:15) , the earth (Rev 12:16) ,the dragon the beast and the false prophet (Rev 16:13) … 17 references to MOUTH, another Rev obsession, in the undisputed ones there is no reference to Jesus’s MOUTH.
Hi Bart,
I used to blindly believe that Paul wrote all Pauline letters. Now, (1) I consider that 2 Thess is a forgery, (2) but I also find no problem with believing that Paul changed his mind about the imminent return of the Lord between writing 1 Thess and 2 Thess. I am undecided between 1 and 2.
I find it interesting that you wrote, “Paul probably did not write 2 Thessalonians.”
I imagine that the word “probably” suggests a small level of doubt. But since you are accessible to me because I joined your blog, I want to ask you directly instead of guessing at your meaning. Does your use of the word “probably” suggest a small level of doubt in your view that Paul did not write 2 Thess?
Please excuse my hobby of analytic philosophy and analytic theology 🙂
Cheers,
James
YYup, there shuld always be a small level of doubt. But the argument for 2 Thess being pseudonymous is best down in the weeds, not just on the level of the eschatology. (If you’re interested, see my discussion in Forgery and Counterforgery)
Yes, I will add that book to my long list of readings, which keeps getting longer, LOL 🙂
Is this a controversial take Dr. Ehrman? I ask because my online reading (non-Phd, not challenging you) says It was included in Marcion’s canon and the Muratorian fragment. It was also mentioned by name by Irenaeus, and quoted by Ignatius, Justin, and Polycarp. Your boy (Metzger) says its authentic as does the peer reviewed and never wrong wiki which states:
Gregory Beale, Gene L. Green, Ivor H Jones, Leon Morris, Ben Witherington III, Paul Foster, and Kretzmann. According to Leon Moris in 1986, the majority of current scholars at that time still held to Paul’s authorship of 2 Thessalonians.
Alot of sarcasm and making fun of my “sources” and uneducated background to even dare ask this. But I wonder if you hippie kids from the 90s/21st century have come to a new conclusion and things have shifted (not that there wasn’t always doubts) or if your view is in the 48% current consensus.
Oh yes, by the end of the second century (the date of your sources) just about everyone thought it was authentic. That is normally not thought to be probative; the issue is the internatl evidence. My view is pretty widespread, yes. My sense is that apart from theologically conservative Christian scholars it tends to be the general understanding, but I may be wrong. I think you’ll find that historical scholars never use 2 Thess when discussing Paul’s theology. If you’re interested in a full discussion, check out my book Forgery and Counterforgery.