Hi all! Thanks for being here. It is already academic consensus that the name Yahweh Elohim is a syncretism. My original hypothesis is that the Tetragrammaton itself is a syncretism denoting Yehosophat’s alliance with Ahaziah, as the first military alliance of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, on the Meshe Stele circa 840 BCE.
This would be the merging of a titulary herding deity for Israel with a titulary desert agriculture deity Judah—and replace Ba’al Saphon as Canaan’s top deity. (There’s a stelae of Ramses II portraying himself as Ba’al Saphon-El in the Sinai.)
“El Shaddai” would be another way of saying Ba’al Saphon-El if it essentially means, “Lord of the Mountain-El.”
Of course, there’s lots of exposition about Ba’al being replaced and out-lightning’d by Yahweh during Yahosophat’s story.
Introducing the two gods in the hypothesis:
1. Yah
The lunar pastoralist god Yah/Iah/Jah/Aah that reached its height of popularity with the Hyksos. It is possible that these Hyksos may have links with the Patriarchs of the Bible. Same god as the Yarik that Jericho is named for, there’s a great explainer on how the etymology shifts but I have to find it again.
Yah would have an added plural as a titulary deity for a pastoralist confederacy, a W identical to how the Shasu have the W in Egypt.
There’s some online discussion of how ‘Yahweh has a triconsonantal root that doesn’t fit the same pronunciation as Yah the lunar god’, but as a syncretism, the first syllable would be a biconsonantal root and fits the pronunciation just fine.
2. Ha
As Seth-Ha. Seth was the ‘supreme god’ worshipped by the Hyksos, but called Seth-Ba‘al by academics because it had their combined aspects. Again, doesn’t Yahosophat’s story have lots of exposition about Ba’al being *replaced*? But Seth can’t leave Egypt. Ha can.
Enter the god identically named to the Hyksos —Ha, the Ruler of Foreign Lands. Ha is also a Lord of Desert, a name identical to Seth. Because of this, Ha is interpretio’d Aegyptica’d with Seth. Ha’s miracle? He magically produces food in the desert.
The newest academic research shows that Ha is not ‘Lord of the Western Desert’ as earlier described, but that he is both Lord of Desert *and also* Lord of the West—and not the geographical West, but in its common use as a polite homonym for the underworld.
This is why the Deuteronomist could have said:
He said: “The LORD came from Sinai and dawned over them from Seir; he shone forth from Mount Paran…
Because Seth-Ha is literally the god of the Sinai (desert), and Yehosophat’s journey with Ahaziah literally takes place in Seir and Parran.
This would be why several full four-letter Tetragrammaton stele start appearing right after this alliance between Yehosophat and Ahaziah.
And this would be why the Land of Milk and Honey resembles the two-places metaphor of Egypt’s ‘Two Lands’: Israel’s pastoral milk and Judah’s date honey.
I’m preparing this as Platinum Post submission for Dr. Ehrman’s consideration with lots of citations. What do you think so far?
I should add minor details I’m working through:
The Israelites in the Exodus likely are the first to keep both the Yah and Seth-Ba’al (and maybe even Ha, as he first appears with Hatseput) worship of the Hyksos.
Henotheism is what the Bible said both Israelites and Judahites practiced, that’s what Yehosophat was cleaning house on! Yah worship would just be the household god, and for pastoralists he’d have no icon or temple, it’s just cow horns.
Bringing Seth-Ba’al back to hilly places like that around Beth-Shean where proto-Israelites develop means that he can’t keep the Seth part and he’s only going to be called Ba’al again. Ba’al is the high place god (hilly Northern Kingdom and mountainy Aramea), but he’s not god of The Most High place:
Mount Saphon is 5840 feet.
Mount Sinai is 7,497 feet.
The whole mountain range in the Sinai is higher than that of Aramaea, and I guess people equate big mountain homes with big gods.
So the only way to conquer warrior Ba‘al is with someone bigger with better lightning I guess, and the Northern kingdom couldn’t have had Ha as a titulary deity until they were actually physically connected with Judaea’s desert.
Ha has the word ‘secrecy’ or ‘mystery’ appended to him and no temples. He really doesn’t have a lot out there, but I’ve found some great papers. One ties his worship to mid-level officials in Egypt, and to me that’s interesting because it seems to be that when not having their own kingdom in the North, that that’s where people of Semetic-speaking ancestry served. Also it seems that they are finding more and more inscriptions 🙂
Oh Hi Robert!
I’ve got to dig through all my citations for a Platinum Post. As far as what parts of my hypothesis are wholly original, its mostly everything.
I research using Chat GPT-4 asking:
1. Do ANY scholars have the hypothesis of The Tetragrammaton itself being a syncretization? No.
2. Do any scholars consider that the arrival of several Tetragrammaton stelaes have anything to do with the first alliance between the Israelite kingdom and Judahite kingdom? No.
Almost the same with my other Platinum Posts:
1. Do any scholars believe Moses is Thutmose the Overseer of Foreign Lands and Frontier Lands? (One, Jayne Vine but she arrives at it differently.)
2. Do any scholars believe that Jesus is the son of a handmaiden to Aretas IV? (Based on Ketubot 3b). No.
3. What do they think about the war between Herod Antipas and Aretas IV over the broken marital alliance of Galilee’s Arabian queen associated with John the Baptist by Josephus? They don’t. (Actually, it was enjoyable to see Dr. McGrath acknowledge it.)
Or my newest interest;
3. Do any scholars associate the Nasoriyah stele where Ebla is conquered with mixed descendants who may later identify as Mandaean and return to the area of Nasoriyah? No
Infodumping yesterday’s research and I hope Saint Nikolaus of Myrna brought you something good!
1. Important point- syncretizing a lunar pastoralist god doesn’t mean worshipping the moon itself, super-especially with the influence of late-Atenist aniconism. It could just mean the “new moon” traditions brought by Moses. It could mean the crescent horns of the bull, just made into an idol by his brother Aaron, who lost on that bet. It’s the introduction of desert protector elements that may be the more important introduction of the Moses narrative.
2. The plural of Yah can potentially be Yahu, Yau and YHW, depending on regional language constructions, because nomadism puts this god in some faaar-flung places.
Yah/Iah, the well-attested lunar, nomadic pastoralist god that can be pluralized Yahu as a tribal confederacy, could also have the ‘h’ dropped as Yau, the obscure deity known as hey, the father of Ha. I learned yesterday that the ‘h’ of Yah is a ‘weak’ consonant that is typically left off when in the medial position, like when pluralized with a -u. (The -u pluralization is associated with Akkadian imports into the Egyptian language, while the -w pluralization is the predominant Egyptian way.)
So Yahu could be that same Yau, just missing the -h- because the Egyptians love to simplify out the ‘weak h’, and of course they like to use vowels. The ‘father of Ha’ could be a titulary mirror of Israel being the first kingdom and Judah the second.
3. The worship of a lunar (pastoralist) god + desert god combo begins most evidently in the time of *Horemheb*. So this is even prior to the formal alliance of the Judahite kingdom and the Israelite kingdom that could reflect the Moabite king assigning a routine syncretization of YHW+H, and he’d know his desert deities.
Horemheb’s focus is a crisp pivot to worshiping both the militaristic Seth (desert) and the lunar, pastoralist traveler Khonsu-Iah (Yah), who has a stele at Karnak. Khonsu-Iah just happens to be the New Moon, like the non-idol, new moon tradition mentioned of Moses.
In my Platinum Post #2, I ascribe the beginning of Moses’ Exodus with Horemheb, marking the final abandonment of the Seth-Baal temple (desert + hills) by the remaining Semetic population of Avaris, and the ending with settlement by Ramses II.
The Asrielites, the namesake successors of Jacob/Israel, are likely lauded by Ramses II on a Beth-Shean stele alongside a group of Habiru, and really the Mernapteh stele could go all the ways: Y’srael, Israel, Asrael. Eventually the ‘a’ vowel is just less popular.
3. This makes:
• the kingdom of Israel a line of Joseph.
and
•the kingdom of Judah a line of Judah.
4. Israel would contain the Yah/Yarik titulary deity city of Jericho.
l also learned today that the biconsonantal root RK is a typical intensifier raising something to a higher class, and that that ‘weak H’ could again be dropped, because of its medial position. This is why Yah can lose the ‘h’ and bring on the ‘rk’ making Yarik. Any dots underneath are shed pretty fast, too.
5. There’s also plenty of -Yah theophoric roots in Egypt for royal women, who could descend from matrilineally Asiatic nobility. In the Bible, Moses is the adopted son of Bityah, literally the “daughter of Yah.” If they rise to queen or king, its all Iah and Aah-mose, and no -yah, and putting the theophoric element at the back is not Egyptian anyway.
My questions – Is there a desert god theonym?
Ha is a ‘mystery or secret’ god, so he likely doesn’t have them. But are there any seth/sheth-ST theophoric elements?
How much henotheistic historical lore of yore is assumed to have been understood by the ultrawealthy Semetic east outside of the humble-living Jewish monotheists?
Big potential finds in yesterday’s research, and have started reading Mark E. Smith’s book on the origin of Yahweh today.
1. The Tetragrammaton could sound like “Yahuha” if:
because of centuries of direct Egyptian Ramesside occupation, that the W sounds just like the plural of the Shasu (šꜣsw) and the Nabatu (nbtw), and also that the assimilation of the desert protector Ha to Yah adds a final ‘a’ vowel.
In my hypothesis that the Tetragrammaton is a syncretism of two words, Semetic languages turn a W at the end of a word to a ‘u’ sound.
After the Ramesside Dynasty, the Delta Egyptians would continue to be an influence, including through intermediaries, right until the Assyrian expansion. But speaking out Yahuha out loud, omg, to those who know, would give away an influence from the now-discredited East (all hail the North!)
2. Chat 4.0 (absolutely not an authority, just super fun) affirms how the general rules of syncretism can easily merge Yah and Ha as simply “YH” in the theophoric bearing element of personal names. Of course, we know that there are plainly names with syncretic theophoric elements in the Bible, like Elijah.
The basics:
a. Syncretisms uniquely do not double letters in merging.
And this would hold true with merging two theophoric-bearing elements in personal names as well. So, for example, no “Yahhosophat.”
b. The “weak H” in Yah, the lunar pastoralist god can drop out.
c. And of course, using the ‘Y’ as Yah is more Semetic, while the ‘I’ as Iah is more Egyptized.
d. Determinatives like the dot under the h are often lost quickly in transliteration. Intensifiers can be lost.
So a “Yah” theophoric-bearing element can assimilate both the attributes of the shining light of shepherds with a sword-wielding desert protector who magically appears with food.
Reminder that proscriptions warning against worshipping the “sun, moon and stars” are in reference to Mesopotamian worship like that of the triad that is usurped by the Babylonians and Marduk—and that is of Sin, Ishtar and Shamah, which 6th C BCE Nabonidus stamped at Sier. But hey we can have plenty of aniconic lunar-tied traditions as a treat!
Sun gods are early on tied to settlement and agriculture. Lunar gods to nomadic pastoralism. There are some good dunks on the Sun god Ra in the Exodus narrative that I found, but what traditions can be tied to lunar-associated pastoralism? The New Moon festival, the Tabernacle tent instead of a temple, the use of horns, the Festival of Booths.
3. The redaction of the names of minor gods in the Bible into the agricultural products that their area represented has led to some notable passages that are something like, “They worshipped at the feet of [Speckled Barley]. They erected a temple to [Cold-Tolerant Millet].
Two Hyksos-associated gods representing two food products- The Land of Milk and (date) Honey, would also work here. You get to cleverly preserve the actual history of mixed multitudes while scribin’ under the administration of Persians.
4. Every ANE faith on the path to monotheism mooshed two gods into one as their means of achieving this loyalty from mixed multitudes:
a) Asiatic Seth. The first purported pivot to monotheism is with the Semetic Hyksos king Apophis.
b) The Aten. Egypt’s Ra + Horus.
c) Ahura Mazda. Academics think there’s originally two deities merged into Zoorastrianism.
Hi Colin, thanks for the portmanteau suggestion in light of syncretism! Chat GPT doesn’t find any root associations in the Tetragrammaton to “Living” or Eve”?
I don’t know Hebrew. I do know that Hebrew originates as a distinct language after the 9th C BCE, making ancient names that pre-date this to be a part of Semetic languages that later branched into or influenced Hebrew, like Akkadian. As far as vowels go, the “Canaanite vowel shift” introduces the previously rare—if not non-existent—”e” vowels into elite proper names with a Northwest Semetic origin.
I just think that the Tetragrammaton is likely simply Yah, the shepherd god of Jericho + Ha, the desert god that becomes assigned to the entire Levant.
If the post-Exodus arrival is in the time of Ramses II, it seems simple why the walls would be “let down” at Jericho, whose titulary deity is Yarik the lunar pastoralist god. (Yarik likely being Yah with an intensifier.)
One possibility is that nomadic pastoralist tribes would recognize the shofar, but it might take 6 days to reach and return from the deliberation of proper authorities (in Beth-Shean or Tjaru or similar) to authorize letting them in. This story would then indicate that the Israelites are accepted by both the Semetic-speaking and Egyptian links in the correct chain of authority.
This is my big find today –
Academic consensus is clear that the Sinai Peninsula and Mount Sinai are named for the Akkadian named Mesopotamian lunar god Sin. Sin-ai.
A lunar god is a *light guiding the shepherds*, because shepherds typically move flocks in the cool of night. The first Semetic-speaking, nomadic conquerors of Mesopotamia make Sin the Supreme God until they settle in Babylonia and nomadic pastoralism becomes declassé – it is replaced by Marduk.
But the Abrahamic tradition rejects the Mesopotamian ways for a “Living God”, which elsewhere I’ve explained could possibly be like how Ramses II deifies himself *while living* as Baal Saphon-El, and the Sethites as Seth Baal, and that Seth-Horus Hyksos.
Mountains are as close to the moon as you’re going to get, but to even use the Mesopotamian name is to kiss some Northern butt. So the Akkadian/Egyptian lunar god name is Yah/Iah.
Introduce aniconism. Leave the teraphim behind (dual function as property deeds.) Prohibit the worship of lunar disk symbols *exactly* like late-stage Aten monotheism prohibited the worship of solar disk symbols.
So now you have just *lunar traditions*:
1. New Moon festival (shepherds can’t work or travel without a moon, so in this darkness, it’s time to stay put.)
2. Lunar calendar
3. Lunar crescent-shaped horns ONLY, please
4. Jericho
The pastoralist god + desert protector god syncretism first mixes the peanut butter with the jelly circa 1805 BCE with the Levantine-origin Avaris founder Yakbim Senkehare. His Semetic-named Avaris god-dynasty that first braved the desert crossing pick Seth as their protector. I think it’s likely that the reason that lunar Yah reaches his height of popularity with these folks is because he’s the royal household god because they are nomadic. Yah is not tied to a place. Seth is. You can’t take Seth out of Egypt. He’s dressed funny.
But Seth and Baal, who combine in aspects there, are never formally syncretized with a merged-name inscription. You need two polities agreeing to become one for that (no conquering), and such is the case with the first alliance of the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah.
Oh, like a clever wordplay! I like those, like the Yahweh acrostic in the Book of Esther (I think the Persians especially wanted to minimize the use of the name.)
And thank you Stephen! I’ve began pulling up Theodore J. Lewis’ jstor and academia papers to start.
Big finds yesterday! I charted the Psalms because it had a use of the short name “Yah” (in Psalm 68:4.)
The things God IS seem to coalesce around Lunar Pastoralist imagery:
A shepherd, light, in the darkness, at night, in the sky, riding the clouds.
The things God DOES seem to coalesce around Desert Protector imagery:
**Desert Protector**
A helper in the desert, wilderness, who also attacks with desert animals, storms, smelter’s coals, and the sword, who has the authority to settle people.
With the Lunar Pastoralist, the comparisons of how God’s light appears are in real contrast to the standard-issue solar god praise of the ancient near East:
Psalm 15:1
Thou has proved mine heart; thou hast visited me **in the night**
Psalm 18:11-12
He made **darkness his secret place**; his pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. At the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed…
Psalm 18:28
For it is you who light my lamp; the Lord [Yah] my God **lights up my *darkness**
Psalm 150:1
“Praise [Yahweh]! Praise God in his sanctuary;
praise him in his mighty **sky**/firmament!”
Here they use the short-form Yah instead of Yahweh:
Psalm 68:4
“Sing to God, sing praises to his name; lift up a song to **him who rides upon the clouds**—his name is the Lord—exult before him.”
With the Desert Protector, a Desert God doesn’t just get their power from like “sand” like pocket sand, shiiiishaa. Egyptian desert gods —or whatever gods the Egyptians assimilated and assiduously recorded—get their power from the character attributed to the arid region from sky to land to sea: “Seth /sɛθ/) is a god of deserts, **storms**, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion.”-Wikipedia.
The miracle of food and general help in the desert, and desert smiter outside of Egypt whose accoutrement is a sword, is what desert god Ha inscriptions are about. Again, both Seth and Ha are Rulers of Foreign Lands, so they have the authority to settle people where Egypt controls directly or through intermediaries. It’s just that Ha **can travel** —Ha has no temple and his inscriptions are found both inside and outside of Egypt.
Psalm 18:13-14
The LORD also thundered in the heavens, And the Most High uttered His voice, Hailstones and coals of fire. He sent out His arrows, and scattered them, And lightning flashes in abundance, and routed them.
Psalm 63
A psalm of David. When he was in the Desert of Judah.
O God, you are my God, earnestly I seek you; my soul thirsts for you, my body longs for you, in a dry and weary land where there is no water…They will be given over to the sword and become food for jackals…
Psalm 107:4-8
Some wandered in desert wastelands, finding no way to a city where they could settle.
They were hungry and thirsty,
and their lives ebbed away.
Then they cried out to the Lord in their trouble, and he delivered them from their distress.
He led them by a straight way
to a city where they could settle…
So, I also dove deep into the Trigrammaton and all the variants of YH+ across Egypt and the “Foreign Lands”. My guess is that the increasing letter additions reflects nation-building:
• YH Yah – tribal household god
• YHW Yahu – tribal confederacy
• YHWH Yahweh (or pronounced Yahua or something else) – alliance of kingdoms – Judah, Edom and Israel, formally syncretizing the desert god because of their desert mission.
Of the Yah variants, so far they always add either a W, an H, or an A. Like:
•YHW (Yahu tribal confederacy?)
•YHH (tribe of Yah + Ha?)
•YHWA (Yahu tribal confederacy + Ha in Egyptian territory?)
The additional A could be another ‘A’ god, or something else entirely. The “weak H” of the Ha may drop out medially where they don’t pronounce that H as Semetic-speaking regions do, and the vowel A kept because they use vowels for the ‘Egyptian’ gods. As an example of a “one letter syncretidm, there’s just one letter for another god, Apis, added as “P” to the deified Amenhotep III’s scribe’s name.
Dropping my research since last time!
1. Correction, it’t Yehosophat’s alliance with Yehoram-and not Ahaziah (and the Edomite vassal king) that results in the response of the Meshe stele.
2. As far as sheer size, I think the recently discovered lunar crescent monolith next to Bet Yarah (House of The Moon God) has got to be the largest human-created symbol in pre-Israel: ** you do not have permission to see this link **
Just another why a lunar deity of shepherds would syncretize with a desert deity in that desert alliance.
3. The Elephantine Jews worshipped a Yah, written in their Aramaic as Yahu – and not the full Tetragrammaton (no desert in Elephantine, just saying.)
4. And an Anet-YHW. Showing ¯ that at least in Egypt, it’s clear that Jews did that uniquely Egyptian custom of attaching two disimilar god names into one compound name, for whatever reason.
5. And a Y’au – could it be Yau, desert god Ha’s dad, with a dropped glottal stop?
6. An abundance of material culture emulating and admiring everything Egyptian is found in Canaan beginning circa-1550 BCE.
The sheer proximity of Avaris to Israel relative to the Mesopotamian Ur and Harran that Abraham left means that it’s clear which empire’s traditions would be adopted.
7. Egypt originated the unique nation-making custom of creating a compound name for two *dissimilar* gods representing the unification of peoples. This means that during the period where the Yahweh steles begin appearing, this is still during an “Egyptian rules” period, until the North’s empire subsumes Egypt’s and Egypt becomes
uncool
Happy New Year to those who celebrate – I celebrate the Nabataean one in March, lol.
Amaaaazzing finds today:
1. Compare:
Judges 5:4-5 (Song of Deborah)
• “LORD, when you went out from Seir,
when you marched from the region of Edom.”
2 Kings 3:8:
• By what way shall we march?” Jehoram answered, “By way of the wilderness of Edom.”
I mean, they’re just saying it plainly. For this period, the “higher government” in the region that they could appeal to for additional troops-if moved to do so-was still the deified Lord God-King of Egypt.
“Marching from Edom” – troops. This match adds to the weight of evidence that the full Tetragrammaton originates with the alliance between Jehoram and Yehosophat-the alliance of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in Edom, 850 BCE.
2. ʿAštar-Kamōš.
Moab itself has a syncretic deity right on that Meshe Stele! This name also first appears circa the 9th C BCE. And the Meshe Stele referencing *both* Moab’s original and new syncretic deity is the same kind of usage is like how the Bible discusses both Yah and Yahweh together:
“…for I had devoted it to Astar-Chemosh. And I took from there the vessels of Yahweh, and I took it to Chemosh. “
KMŠ: Chemosh
ʿṬRKMŠ: Chemosh + Astar
Astar is a storm deity portrayed as a fierce young male warrior and his symbol is Venus. He replaces El as the Supreme God for Semetic speakers outside of the Levant. You have now subscribed to Ashtar Facts –
in the 5th C BCE, Astar had a shrine in what’s now the town of Elaykhin, Israel, and was worshipped there by Arameans, Arabs and Phoenicians. Imo, Astar is also likely the Venus in Revelation 22:16, as the Greek term ἀστήρ (astēr) is grammatically masculine.
Cemosh is depicted alongside lunar crescents. Lunar pastoralism should not be a surprise—in the Bible, the Moabite king is a rebelling pastoralist vassal king tributing 100,000 sheep and 100,000 rams to Israel. Too much. See if you have iconism, it’s just easier to figure all this out.
Simce Moab wasn’t a desert, there is no desert god to syncretize to their lunar pastoralist god. Israel doesn’t have desert either—meaning that Israel only squeaks in to the Yahweh Club by the good graces of its alliance with the Kingdom of Judah.
3. I found that Baal is plurally written Baalu in the Bible, adding weight to the idea that Yah can also plurally become Yahu:
Jeremiah 2:23
“How can you say, ‘I am not defiled; I have not run after the Baals.’
Again, the Elephantine Jews wrote out YHW as Yahu in Aramaic. I mean, do *you* think these educated folk know their plural tribal confederacys?
The following is courtesy of Chat GPT 4:
• When Semitic languages in Egypt or Egyptized contexts adopt this pattern, the use of -w can indicate Egyptian cultural or linguistic influence.
• Examples like bʿlw (“Baals”) in Egyptian-dominated regions suggest a deliberate adaptation to align with Egyptian grammatical conventions.
Semitic Pluralization (-u):
• In standard Semitic languages (like Akkadian, Amorite, or early Hebrew), masculine plurals are often formed with -u (e.g., Akkadian ilu = gods).
• Retaining -u in a context with less Egyptian influence indicates adherence to traditional Semitic grammar.
4. Noting that there’s at least three name changes, and probably four, that the god of the Hebrew Bible goes through:
a) Adonai (Lords)
Circa 3rd-1rst Century BCE, Masoretic to Septuagint name change.
b) YHWH (again, imo a syncretism of the pastoralist YHW + desert Ha)
Circa 840 BCE, Mesha stele and others
c) El Shaddai (imo, a polite way of saying, “Lord of the Mountains-El,” as Ba’al Saphon-El.)
The 1279- BCE Ramses II administration had the stelae in the Sinai where he embodies Ba‘al Saphon-El.
d) Plus the Yah that precedes Yahweh archaeologically.
6. This article discusses the rise of lunar bull imagery in the Levant, especially during the Assyrian period — and mentions one book that notes around 100 of them: ** you do not have permission to see this link **
7. I found two mentions of YHH inscriptions today. Could it be Yah tribe singular + desert Ha? They are found in the desert.
8. Digging deeper on Ha’s ascendancy. Ha is first associated with desert manufacturing (think smelting). Ha has a fair amount of inscriptions. He really starts shining with the end of the Sethite Ramesside dynasty — to the Ptolemies, he proteccs them *from* Seth.
Ha is already syncretized with gods in Egyot, Ha-Horus, Ha-Sokar, Ha-Soped, so a good find to add weight to Ha potentiallt being inside his “Foreign Lands that He Supposedly Rules” would be an inscription of Ha outside of Egypt. It’s not easy, he’s just one letter.
9. The spirit of pastoralist-desert unity goes all the way back to Abraham- his family from Ur and Harran (the two centers of the lunar god Sin called “Lord of the Cowherders) and the Living Seth of Avaris.
Better to first understand the current state of the question among trained scholars.
If I may be of assistance –
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Start with Mark S Smith.
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