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From Eternal Torment to Styles of Greek to the Dating of Ignatius: Interesting Readers’ Questions

QUESTION: You seem reluctant to view any of the early major figures in Christianity (Jesus, Paul, the author of Revelation) as endorsing the idea of eternal torment for the damned. Who do you think is the first figure in Christianity to endorse the idea unambiguously?   RESPONSE: Yes, I try to show in my book Heaven and Hell that none of these figures subscribed to the idea of eternal torment.  They talk about the ultimate punishment as "destruction" and "annihilation" rather than torture.  They do call it an "eternal” punishment, but that is because it will never be reversed (not that it will be eternal conscious torment). We don't know who first among the Christians came to the view of eternal torment; it starts finding expression at least by the time of the writing of the Martyrdom of Polycarp, which is often said to have been from around 155 CE or so, but may have been written some decades later.  By the third century eternal torment was starting to become the standard Christian view.  (it [...]

2026-01-27T16:23:13-05:00February 5th, 2026|Reader’s Questions|

The Most Egregious Copying Mistake by a New Testament Scribe

Did scribes of the New Testament ever make astoundingly bad errors when making a copy? Yesterday I mentioned a rather amazingly bad copy of a Christian text (connected with the Muratorian Fragment).  Anything like that for any of the books of the New Testament, inattention taken to a rather incredible length? The reality is that most copyists of the books of the New Testament even in the early years/decades/centuries were doing their best mostly to reproduce the text they were copying.  They did make mistakes (more in the early centuries than later) and intentionally changed the text in places (probably, we might assume with good intentions), but copying is by its very nature a "conservative" practice: a scribe is trying to reproduce a text as he has inherited it. There are some truly major changes in the NT manuscripts, but very few of them are of the rather outrageous sort.  The most egregious one I know of was certainly (surely!) made by accident, and it is rather humorous.  It involves a copy of the genealogy [...]

2026-01-27T16:23:03-05:00February 4th, 2026|Public Forum|

Just How Careless Could an Ancient Christian Scribe Be?

I have often talked about scribes of the New Testament sometimes being careless, occasionally making rather amazing mistakes.  Most of the time, of course, scribes were careful and accurate, but every now and then they would make a mess up by, say, leaving out a word or three, or an entire line, or copying the same word twice, etc.  And sometimes they added things they thought ought to be in the text but were not. Only in a few places does that involve MAJOR additions, the two largest and most significant by far are the last twelve verses of Mark (16:9-20, where Jesus appears to his disciples after the resurrection) and the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53-8:11). Most of the changes scribes made were accidental (slips), others were almost certainly intentional (whoever added the long ending of Mark didn’t do so by a slip of the pen).  In making mistakes, these early Christian scribes were almost certainly never ill-intentioned:  they were human and made mistakes (accidental changes) [...]

2026-02-01T10:29:43-05:00February 3rd, 2026|Public Forum|

Interested in Q? Did It Exist?

One of the most frequent questions I get asked about (who woulda thought?) is  whether the source called "Q" really existed and why I think so. I'll explain what that means in a second, but first: if you are interested in hearing two of the world's experts talk about it (taking opposite sides!), do we ever have an event for you!  It is not connected with the blog, but it would be a shame not to let blog members know about it in case they (you!) want to attend.  Here's a link for more information and registration: Did Q Exist? So, for those who don't know, "Q" is the hypothetical document allegedly used independently by both Matthew and Luke for a good many passages in their Gospels, mainly sayings of Jesus (the Lord's Prayer, the Beatitudes, a number of parables, one-liners, etc.). The deal is this:  it is almost universally agreed that both Matthew and Luke used Mark for many of their narratives (they have verbatim agreements all over the place, and there [...]

2026-02-01T10:26:51-05:00February 1st, 2026|Public Forum|
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