I’ll end this set of reflections on my relationship with Bruce Metzger with a surprising question about my relationship with him, and my response. (My sense is that those who have been reading this thread will not be surprised by what I say)
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QUESTION:
A more personal question: did you have a grudge against Dr. Bruce Metzger? I have always seen conservative textual critics and scholars pit you against Dr. Metzger’s views.
RESPONSE:
When I first read this question I was very surprised indeed. A grudge against Bruce Metzger???
Metzger, as many readers of this blog know, was my teacher and mentor, and I never had anything but the most profound and utmost respect for him, from the moment I first had the privilege of meeting him until the time of his death – and still today.
I don’t think there’s anyone in the known universe who would disagree that Bruce Metzger was the greatest NT textual scholar ever to come out of North America. I first heard about him when I was an undergraduate at Wheaton College. I was taking Greek there, and began to be interested in pursuing the study of Greek manuscripts. I knew that Metzger had been one of the five editors who had produced the standard Greek New Testament that everyone used. He was the only American on the committee. And when I told my Greek professor that I was interested in doing graduate work in the field, he enthusiastically told me that I should try to go to Princeton Theological Seminary to study with Metzger.
As fate would have it, in my senior year in college Metzger came to Wheaton to give a lecture. I was too nervous to introduce myself to him, but I stood in awe of his knowledge and insight. And so I applied to Princeton Theological Seminary in order to go study with him. PTS at the time (and still, I imagine) had only one program for master’s students, the Masters of Divinity degree, a degree that is designed principally to train students for Christian ministry. I had long been active in churches by that time, but I had already decided that I wanted to be an academic, not a minister. (Among other things I had been a youth pastor in a church for three years.)
The MDiv program at Princeton (as virtually everywhere else) is a three-year degree. Roughly speaking, about two of those years are focused on serious academic study of topics that ministers should know about: Old Testament, New Testament, Church History, Theology, and so on. Interspersed with such studies are the more practical fields that affect church ministry: Preaching, Counseling, Christian Education, and so on. I was not much interested in these practical fields, but in order to get the degree I had to do them. They ended up paying off for me on a personal level, but at the time I simply wanted to do the academics, especially New Testament.
So I took every class I could with Metzger, and – still nervously – talked with him after class and on rare occasions at lunch in the student dining room. Before my senior year I asked him if he would be willing to supervise a master’s thesis for me in the field of textual criticism. He was more than happy to do so, made a suggestion about what it could be when I explained some of my interests, and I did it with him. It required a boatload of work, massive reading. The thesis was about the development of the history of textual criticism, with a focus on why the recent (at the time) resurgence in interest in thinking that the vast bulk of manuscripts from the Middle Ages preserve a better form of the text than the fragmentary but much earlier manuscripts do was completely wrong and wrong-headed. I called the thesis “New Testament Textual Criticism: Quest for Methodology.”
While writing the thesis I applied to the PhD program at PTS to work with Metzger, and got in. And then I became his student. I was, in fact, his very last student from a very long and illustrious teaching career. And he and I became very close. He and I talked all the time; he had me over to his home; he and his wife invited my family over to celebrate Christmas. He taught my first PhD seminar and helped me publish the paper I wrote for him. He was my advisor. He eventually directed my dissertation.
After I graduated with the PhD I was Metzger’s personal research assistant as he was the chair of the New Revised Standard Version translation committee. In that capacity I worked extremely closely with him. Eventually I stayed in his home (when my family had moved) for a time; we roomed together at a conference. And so on and on.
I think it is fair to say that of all of Metzger’s students over the years I was the one who was closest to him personally. For me he was a kind of second-father-figure. I had nothing but respect for him, and never will have.
He was the most remarkable scholar in some ways. He was not a deep thinker, and would even admit that he was not trained in philosophy or deeply interested in recent developments in theology. He was in fact a very simple thinker. But he had the most retentive memory I had ever seen. He had billions of facts in his head. He was uncannily knowledgeable about everything having to do with the Bible, and early Christianity, and manuscript studies, and ancient languages, and scholarship in modern languages (French, German, Italian, Russian, and so on). He really was quite remarkable.
Metzger was always a huge supporter of me and my work. That was true even when I moved away from my Christian faith. Around 2002 he agreed with Oxford University Press to ask me to assist him in producing a fourth edition of his classic work on NT textual criticism. And it was about that time that I started writing Misquoting Jesus. When it was published, he read the book, and told me that he liked it very much.
Metzger and I never talked about my personal faith. It simply wasn’t an issue for us. I know that conservative scholars like to claim him as their own, and so to set him up over against me. But he never set himself up against me – at least to my knowledge – and never said a bad word about me, again to my knowledge. Or I against him.
I have obviously gone in very different directions personally and theologically since I first met him, but I have never changed in my deep admiration for him, and I still stand in awe of the vast reservoirs of his knowledge. We had real mutual respect for one another and for our respective pursuits of scholarship. Anyone who says that he and I were at odds simply has no clue about our personal relationship. I’d be surprised indeed if anyone heard from him that we were at odds, and I know they haven’t heard it from me.
Nothing I’ve read here would make me think you held a grudge against Bruce Metzger. Everything you’ve ever written about him has been very respectful. But I suspect that people need enemies and ignoring friendships across the aisle is a convenient way to do so. Plus it’s a good narrative. Not only did you betray Jesus but also your “academical father” Alternatively, the young brilliant scholar who overthrows his teachers because the evidence leads him there. Would make a good movie. But it’s not the truth.
Very interesting. Given what we know of human behaviour / psychology and what is repeatedly observed in opponents who feel existentially threatened, it is not so surprising to hear such rumours (re a rift / grudge between you & Prof Metzger) in the face of evidence only to the contrary. You two MUST be opposed since otherwise you, Prof Ehrman, look like his academic peer and you share academic authority – and THAT’S a big problem – too big a problem – for fundamentalist / conservative wing?!
I think much the same dynamic plays out re the insistence of the fund./cons. wing on perfect long-term oral transmission of perfect eye-witness observation in the original gospel accounts, followed by perfect written transmission thereafter – since otherwise is also too awful to contemplate!! It is silly, dishonest & spineless. This is one of the main reasons I am Done with the church.
Hello Dr. Ehrman,
First, thank you for sharing your scholarship with us. Second, I have a question, though it’s not related to the content of this post. My question is this – where did early Christians/Paul get the idea that belief/faith was the mechanism by which one attains salvation? When one considers that Christianity was born out of Judaism which seems to emphasize “doing” the right thing to find favor with God, and that Jesus’s own teachings seem to emphasize one’s actions with no mention of belief, the idea of belief/faith as a mechanism for salvation seems radical. Where did it come from?
There are at least two passages I can think of that seem like they could be attempting to address this radical change in thought. James’s discussion of faith and works always going together seems to try to harmonize Jewish “doing” with Christian “believing”. Hebrews 11 might be seen as an attempt to show that faith is really what has always mattered, even though the original Old Testament stories never say this. These passages suggest to me that early Christians saw the dilemma. I am confused on how they put themselves in the position to begin with.
I think it’s a very interesting and unusually complicated question. My short answer is that the earliest Christians who were Jews came to think that Jesus was the perfect sacrifice for sins, and so that sacrifices were no longer necessary. But one had to benefit from Jesus’ sacrifice and the promise of salvation that it provided; in Scripture, Abraham and others are “justified” by believing in God’s promises. The early Christians came to think that believing in the promise provided by Jesus’ death brought salvation. They still did a lot of “doing” (prayers, baptism, worship services, “good deeds,” etc.); but it was the belief that was the sine qua non for salvation.
I have a related question. I grew up in a Southern Baptist church and what I was told was that I not only had to “accept Jesus as my personal lord and savior” but that I had to be submerged in water by the church pastor (baptized) in order to receive salvation. When did that “doing” become necessary in the history of the church? Was baptism always a requirement of “faith.” As I recall, Constantine was a “Christian” but not “saved” until he was finally baptized. This is horribly confusing. I have family who insist they are “Christian” but have not been baptized, don’t belong to a congregation, and yet are convinced of their “salvation” – they “know” what Christian is and claim others are not truly Christian. I have no idea what defined a “Christian” early on and certainly not now. What is your sense of all this? (I have read Lost Christianities).
From the beginning the assumption was that those who became believers in Jesus would be baptized. Iin some circles it was required. Many elites in the Roman world waited, since sin after baptism could lead to damnation. Defining “Christian” is probably an impossible task, once one stops speaking generalities, since different Christians have different views of what it means to be Christian.
This has been a fascinating and insightful set of posts about your relationship with Bruce Metzger and I have enjoyed them very much. I do feel that you should turn them into a book.
Hi Bart,
Thank you for clarifying a remarkable relationship between two great minds amicably bridging a transcendental truth of one’s present knowledge.
Bravo!!!
Thanks for sharing insights of your work and relationship with Dr Metzger. I realized how christian faith, and probably all religious faiths, survive to logic reasoning and material evidence, even for scholars well informed and educated, like your mentor. Is this mental attitude a result of childhood religious teachings or cultural-personal issues, or maybe both?
What s your opinion?
I’d say absolutely both.
Dr. Ehrman: Could Metzger read Hebrew and Greek and Latin as easily as English? How proficient was he really?
Not AS easily. But one time I watched him (unobserved) speed read a Greek manuscript…..
An off topic question please, Dr Ehrman: I have been re-reading your book on the gospel of Judas and wondered if there is any trace or traces of Gnosticism in the books of the New Testament? Someone once told me that the Gospel of John was a gnostic book but when pressed couldn’t actually provide any evidence to back up that assertion. Many thanks.
These days the consensus among scholars is No. The more scholars ahve studied Gnosticism the more they’ve realized it can’t be traced back that early, before the second century.
So strange that anyone would come to this conclusion if they were at all familiar with your work. I feel like Metzger gets a glowing mention at least once in everything you publish (and clearly with good reason!).
I read every book by Metzger that I could get my hands on, long before I’d ever heard of Bart E. My favorites of Metzger still are “ A textual commentary on the Greek New Testament“, where he goes through all of the 2000 variants in the UBS Greek New Testament, and why the committee he chaired chose among those variants to be the best one for the Greek NT. My other Metzger favorite was “The Text of the New Testament“ where in the preface of the book Metzger simply states the problem: “the original texts are lost, and the existing manuscripts differ from each other”. From Metzgers work alone I concluded that the NT is not the “word of God“. Metzger books screamed out for for more, then I discovered Bart E.. Also in his many books, including his Autobiography “…Octogenarian” I don’t find where Metzger tells us about his faith. I was so curious about Metzgers faith but only learn about this later from Barts blog. It’s been an incredible journey to follow Barts work after reading most of Metzger’s!
Dan Malane (author-The Bible:Word of God or words of Men? Truth vs Christian Fundamentalism)
I think it’s hard for people who haven’t been through the PhD with an adviser to understand the complexity of that relationship. Aside from your parents or your spouse, it’s probably the person who’s had the biggest impact on your life and career, and that relationship — like with a parent or a spouse — can sometimes be, well, complicated (hence the German term “Doktorvater/mutter”, with all the psychological baggage that implies). The relationship can be inspiring and life-changing, but also difficult, if not hostile, depending on how things go as you develop a dissertation topic, research it, and eventually publish the results. Academic personalities are mercurial, and grow more-so with the status of the institution, it seems.
I very much appreciate the insights into your relationship with Bruce Metzger. During my time reading your trade books (and your trade books are the ones I can understand, heheh), I’ve been intrigued when you’ve mentioned him. Thanks very much.
I very much enjoy your commentary on your relationship with Dr. Metzger – something interesting in all of them. In this one the subject of your Masters Thesis caught my eye. My Greek professor at Biola in the 70’s, Dr. Harry Sturz (the license plate on his car was “PARSE”), taught a NT Textual Criticism course in which I believe the syllabus for the course (I still have mine) formed a substantial basis for his book on the Byzantine Text type. I suspect you ran across that in your thesis work. Does your thesis material appear in any of your books? or by chance, is your thesis available online for interested readers (like me!). Thanks….
Richard
Yes, I deal with Sturz in my thesis. I’m afraid I did not find his arguments convincing. Nice license plate though! I don’t deal with that issue in any of my published works, and no, I don’t believe it’s online. It has all teh merits of a learning student doing his best…. (Though I completely agree with my thesis and analysis still)
Where might someone acquire “New Testament Textual Criticism: Quest for Methodology”? Nearest to me would be Dallas Theo. Sem., which is > 4hrs away. Any other options? I’d be interested in reading your insights at that stage in scholarly development.
I doubt it! I just found my own copy a couple of weeks ago; I made a copy for Dan Wallace years ago becaus he wanted touse it in a class; that’s why there’s one there. I don’t know if there’s one anywhere else! It reads very much like a master’s level student doing his darndest…