In my previous post I began giving the scholarly version of why 2 Thessalonians is often considered to be non-Pauline – that is, to be forged in the name of Paul by someone wanting you to think he was Paul even though he was someone else. This discussion is taken from my book Forgery and Counterforgery. Now that I have given a (very) brief sketch of the history of the scholarship on this problem (the previous post) I can begin to discuss the actual evidence. This is where the discussion gets a bit harder to follow, both because of the level of the assumptions and because I have to use a lot of Greek. I’ve translated most of the Greek words/phrases here so you can follow easily.
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2 Thessalonians as a Forgery
One reason the case for the inauthenticity of 2 Thessalonians has occasionally seemed wanting, even to some very fine scholars, is that critics have often resorted to a shotgun approach, citing every possible argument, good or bad, in support of their position. It is all too easy to dismiss bad arguments, leaving an appearance of evidence in balance, pro and con. And so, for example, the letter is often said to lack Paul’s customary “warmth” (are all of Paul’s writings necessarily warm? Even to the same congregation? Think of the different fragments of correspondence with the Corinthians – including 2 Corinthians 10-13); the focus is on Christ as Kurios [= Lord] rather than on his cross (does Paul have to focus on the cross, in everything he says?); the letter does not employ the diatribe style (as if Paul was obliged to do so?); the letter is lacking in justification language (do we need to read every Pauline letter with Lutheran blinders?). A scholar like Malherbe can easily dismiss such claims, making the other arguments seem weak by association.
A better tack is to drive hard the compelling arguments. The two most striking involve:
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Dr. Ehrman, the question I left with after reading this post (and “Forgery and Counterforgery” in the past) is for what reason(s) is 1 Thess accepted by most scholars as being authentic? Theology? Sentence structure? Early adoption?
Mainly because it fits in with Paul’s other letters in theme, substance, writing style, vocabulary, theology, and so on.
Fascinating stuff and looking forward to seeing where this goes! I own your book Forgery and Counterforgery, but have skipped around in it a bit so I don’t think I read this part before.
Hi Bart,
Is it correct to say that scholars consider those letters of Paul that have no discernible markers of forgery as ipso facto authentic? Are there any positive arguments for authenticity for Paul’s letter’s given that the manuscripts and the references by church fathers to his letters are not contemporaneous?
It’s all based on an assessment of the thematic, theological, stylistic, etc. coherence of the seven “undisputed” letters in contrast to the outliers…
I find this scholarly exposition more illuminating and compelling than the trade-book version. I recommend making greater use of your scholarly publications in this blog, as few of your readers would have read your scholarly works.
Sure it might be cool to provide a lot of hard data based on the original Greek, but I think it’s way cooler to base apologetics on the English wording. 🙂
Especially the King James version!
As my Grandpap used to say, if AD 1611 English was good enough for Jesus, it’s good enough for you!
And I completely agree!
How certain are critical scholars that in 1 Thessalonian 4:17, Paul included himself in “we”? If we exclude this verse, based on rest of the letter and other Pauline writings, can scholars be fairly certain that Paul expected Jesus to return in his lifetime?
Paul says the same thing in 1 Corinthians 15 — so it appears to be what he thought.
Bart, If 2 Thess. is a forgery, what is the forger motive? Is he malicious towards Paul? Has he introduce a lie about the gospel? Has he inserted an hidden calumny towards Paul or Christ? Because a would be forger is a liar, and as such he is a dangerous enemy of Christianity.
I really hope you can read my two books on forgery. This is what they are all about.
I will buy a hard copy of your book, when you tell me that you will read my book, okay!
Sorry, I didn’t realize you were a scholar. What is your book?
Burt, I am not a scholar, I just was compelled to write a book. I am sure that I did send you one 18/24 month ago, addressed to you at Chapel Hill. “The Way God Told It” available from Amazon. But my first love is still on the drawing board. It has to do with the restoration of the New Testament; Yes it is a project in which all my unbridle arrogance is on show. Arrogant because it challenges 2000 years of well established believes.
Bart, may the gift of Christmas of long ago be alive in you and those dear to you; Marry Christmas.
Dr. Ehrman, have you seen Paul Foster’s defense of the authenticity of 2 Thessalonians in “Who Wrote 2 Thessalonians: A Fresh Look at an Old Problem” JSNT 35 (2012): 150-175 (online at http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/9176944/FOSTER_2012_Who_Wrote_2_Thessalonians.pdf)? What do you think of Foster’s rebuttals?
I’m afraid I haven’t read it! It came out after I had finished Forgery and Counterforgery. He’s a fine scholar and I completely respect his views — even when we disagree!
The argument that it would be unlikely for an author to repeat exactly phrases from a previous letter is a convincing argument for forgery..
I agree that selected excerpts from the scholarly works are very helpful and persuasive. The Greek more so than any English translation. It’s closer to ‘original’, and it leaves no doubt about how close to identical they are. Greek variants could be translated to the same English expression. Citing the Greek shows there weren’t Greek variants here. I can sometimes get people to follow a link to a web post like this. Perhaps they would be willing to join to see the full article. I guarantee none will buy the scholarly text. Few will find it in a local library.
Thank you.
Are you the opinion that 1 Thessalonians 2:13-16 was a later insertion by someone? This is the passage where Paul blames Jews for the killing of Jesus and the prophets. I didn’t find anything in your blog discussing this. It would be great if you could discuss the arguments for and against thePauline authorship of this passage at some point.