In just over a month now, my new book, Jesus Before the Gospels, will be published. As avid readers of the blog know, for a couple of years I was obsessed with issues related to human memory and oral tradition, especially as these relate to the question of how the stories about Jesus were being transmitted, shaped, altered, and invented as they were told year after year, decade after decade, before the Gospels were written. It was these remembered/ altered / invented stories that the Gospel writers themselves inherited and then edited (and thus changed) when they wrote them down when producing our Gospels. What does knowing about the processes of memory, and about oral cultures who transmit their traditions by word of mouth, tell us about the nature of the Gospels, the communities that stood behind them, and the historicity of the traditions they relate? These are all questions I deal with in the book, reaching some conclusions that many readers will not suspect.
Please note: you can buy the book at discount already on Amazon (won’t ship until March 1).
If you have any questions you would like me to address about the book over the coming month, let me know. I can spend some time here on the blog talking about all related matters!
My publisher, HarperOne, is now sending out a Press Release for the book. Here it is, below.
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Renée Senogles, ph: 415-477-4476
How Oral Tradition, Eyewitness Testimony, and Memory Conspire to Alter Our Understanding of Jesus and Meaning of the Gospels
Jesus Before the Gospels
How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed,
and Invented Their Stories of the Savior
By Bart D. Ehrman
Many believe that the stories of Jesus in the Gospels are based on eyewitness testimonies that were reliably handed down orally through numerous sources before being written. Few scholars, however, have examined these claims in light of what we know about human memory and oral cultures.
That is the approach taken by internationally known scholar Bart D. Ehrman in his exciting new book JESUS BEFORE THE GOSPELS: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior (HarperOne, March 2016). A New York Times bestselling author, Ehrman (Misquoting Jesus; Jesus Interrupted) examines extensive research from the fields of psychology, anthropology, and sociology on oral traditions and how memory works in order to see what light they can shed on our understanding of the New Testament Gospels and the historical Jesus. The study of memory not only calls into question widespread assumptions about the nature of the Gospels and their historical accuracy, it also helps us appreciate what memories of Jesus – whether faulty or accurate – can tell us about the Christians who passed them along.
In the book, Ehrman examines:
- What psychologists have learned about how memory works, how we remember, how and why we forget, and how and why we form ‘false memories’ about the past – showing how ‘false memories’ may lie behind some of the stories of the historical Jesus.
- What modern legal scholars and psychologists have learned about the reliability of eyewitness testimonies, how memories are often distorted and even invented, and how our biases shape what we think we remember – proving wrong the assumptions held by a lot of people (including scholars).
- What cultural anthropologists have learned about oral traditions through studies in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Ghana, and other places, which show conclusively that even in predominantly oral cultures traditions grow, shrink, and change every time they are told and retold.
- What sociologists have learned about collective memory and how social groups remember the past in light of their own histories, issues, and concerns This is no less true for the early Christian communities who were transmitting their stories about Jesus in light of their own historical situations.
JESUS BEFORE THE GOSPELS is a compelling narrative that not only demonstrates Ehrman’s deep knowledge and meticulous scholarship, but also demonstrates how the study of memory can help us think about the historical accuracy of the Gospels, the historical Jesus, and the way we view history.
About the Author
BART D. EHRMAN is one of the most renowned and controversial Bible scholars in the world today. A master explainer of Christian history, texts, and traditions, his work continues to drive debate among supporters and detractors alike. Ehrman is the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling How Jesus Became God and Misquoting Jesus; God’s Problem; Jesus, Interrupted; and Forged. Ehrman has appeared on Dateline NBC, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, CNN, the History Channel, and top NPR programs, and he has been featured in Time, the New York Times, The New Yorker, The Washington Post, and more. Visit him online at www.bartdehrman.com.
JESUS BEFORE THE GOSPELS
How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior
By Bart D. Ehrman
HarperOne, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers
Hardcover | $27.99 | ISBN: 9780062285201
On Sale March 1, 2016. Also available as an ebook and audio book.
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I pre-ordered my copy. I, too, am obsessed with the nature of how stories and mythologies are shaped through oral traditions and then codified into religions. I can’t wait till March first.
Does your book examine the aboriginal culture? I’ve read that it has the oldest and most preserved religion.
No, I’m afraid I don’t get into that.
When you need to consult an expert for a book, (like this one!) how do you go about choosing sources when researching a topic? Do you ever interview experts directly such as psychologists who specialize in the field of memory? And one more thing! At what point, when conducting research for a topic like this, are you convinced that you’ve arrived at the truth of the matter? Or are you already convinced before writing?
See today’s post!
Great, can’t wait to read it!
I am going to pre-order your book! I have been looking forward to it being published.
Is the Kindle version going to be available the same day?
Nevermind. Pre-ordered the kindle version.
I *think* so.
Dr. Ehrman,
Do you conclude that any of the NT books were written directly as opposed to being derived from an oral tradition?
Oh, yes, probably most of them. My book is dealing just with the four Gospels.
It seems that Richard Bauckham and others have succeeded in shifting the ground of the debate from the question “Should the Gospels be seen as ultimately coming from eyewitness testimony or just folk stories?” to the question you address in this book “How reliable can we take the eyewitness testimony and oral tradition behind the Gospels to be?”
Does any scholar think the Gospel stories are *merely* folk tales?
The mythicists do, but none of the critical scholars of the academy do.
Very much looking forward to your new book Bart. Any plans to do a Great Courses series on the same subject? I have really enjoyed the ones you have done so far.
No plans at this point.
I preordered this at Amazon so long ago that I forgot I’d done it, and almost ordered it a second time! Fortunately, Amazon let me see that I already had it on preorder. I’m eager to read it.
That makes me think…you’ve mentioned that a scholar of your acquaintance, Joel Marcus, has a book coming out on John the Baptist. Do you know whether that will be a book for general readership, or the type that’s really intended only for scholars?
I think it will be written for pastors and people with some understanding of the field — so for people who can handle my stuff, it should be accessible…
Prof Ehrman
If I may ask how did your presentation of this topic go at the BAS meeting in Atlanta? As an occasional reader of the Biblical Archeology Review I get the impression they cater to a somewhat conservative audience and I’m curious how your thoughts went over.
thanks, looking forward to your book.
Went really well. Great crowd, as always. I don’t have a sense that most of them are highly conservative.
Now let us hope that the UK branch of Amazon does not fail as miserably with pre-orders as they they did with “How Jesus became God” …
Ordered mine! Actually it sounds very valuable beyond the religious topic in documenting human tendencies.
“BART D. EHRMAN is one of the most renowned and controversial Bible scholars in the world today.”
Are you really that controversial?
Well, given the number of people who really dislike my work, I suppose so! One of the indications of that is that a number of my books have had *counter* books written in order to oppose them. Misquoting Jesus had three!
Temple Of Bacchus- blog about Temple of Jupiter and Temple of Bacchus Bart! Does Elaine know of Bacchus or Dionysus at Princeton or Karen at Harvard ? Where can I research info on Temple of Jupiter? From my understanding Elaine knows a lot about Ancient Romans ? Do she know who the builders at Baalbek were before the Temples and who made the Temples ?
Most people think the bible just fell to earth stories on top of stories ? Textual variant ? I hardly read the bible but maybe I should more often. Like I said one of my favorites 1 Corinthians 15:51-54. Thanks Bart! Love the blog !
I’m afraid I don’t know!
This is probably a softball question but I will relate anyway, what do you make of the few academics who date John earlier than the 90’s based on the first hand knowledge of Palestinian topography(Bethesda pool) and the use of Jewish terms and customs? If it wasn’t written before the 90’s is there at least a remote possibility that it could have been written or dictated by someone who was an eyewitness(perhaps John himself). One of the main arguments against gospel of John being historical was that the theology was too Hellenistic yet, some scholars have claimed that scrolls in Qumran have similar theology as well as Hebrews which most scholars date to the 60’s. How would you assess this Mr. Ehrman?
I don’t think knowing the geography of a place gives any indication of date. I could talk about the layout of 19th century London without living in 1848. It’s of course *possible* that John was written earlier than the 90s, but I’ve never found any of the arguments very persusasive.
Hi Bart
Do you cover Form Criticism in the book? It seems to get raised frequently and then dismissed as ‘proven wrong’ and the the discussion stops.
What are your views on this, perhaps outlining what it is first, and how does the oral tradition fir within it?
John
Yes I do! At some length.
Congratulations on a terrific book. I deeply respect your contributions and enormous productivity.
I have shared the basic ideas in your new book with many and the most common response I get is that the oral transmission of the history about Jesus did not matter, nor does it matter that the eyewitnesses were probably illiterate, because God/the Holy Spirit inspired the writing of the Gospels and enabled the Gospel authors to write what they wrote even if they were illiterate. Another common response is that eyewitnesses dictated the history to scribes who could write. I have to say that I find these common responses to be very frustrating. It is really hard to get people to critically examine crucial questions about the Bible and it would seem to me that this is quite important. Do you ever get frustrated with it????
Ha! Yes, there is no way to debate with anyone who thinks the whole thing is a miracle. No way to show them the problems with their view….
What I sometimes throw out there about it but usually get a blank look back is: if a supernatural power is involved in it, how do we know it isn’t Satan misleading us as the Bible says happens? It could be to cause people to be “lost” by becoming very legalistic/literal and losing Jesus’ true message. Or by making Jesus into more than he was so that people are worshiping or following a false god. ETC.! If someone wants to believe there is a supernatural power at work, we can go that route but there’s no reason to assume it is a GOOD one!
Congratulations! I am very much looking forward to reading this latest work. I do have a question:
You have criticized other scholars for writing on subjects outside their fields of expertise – Reza Aslan, for instance, for his book on the historical Jesus when he is a sociologist, not a historian of religion. Have you considered editing a work with experts in the various fields that speak to the eyewitness to tradition to textual pipeline? Would such a collaboration likely be any more informative to a general audience?
Ah, good question. I’ll deal with this on the blog — maybe tomorrow!
Hi Bart,
I have ordered my copy … fascinating topic!
I’m not sure if your book goes into any comparisons or contrasts with other narratives being written at the same time as the Gospels, i.e. books like Ovid’s Metamorphoses. I would enjoy hearing your thoughts on the Gospel narratives about Jesus as stories that have inventive energy and use passionate persuasive language to convince others to believe and follow. To what extent are these narratives created by the Gospel writers themselves, considering they might only have started with a small orally transmitted memory? Might the Gospel writers have been influenced by Greco-Roman writers of the time?
thanks, can’t wait to read the book!
I’m not sure they were influenced by *authors* who were available at the time (Ovid, e.g.) (since, e.g., he wrote in Latin and they didn’t know it); but I think they were certainly influenced by the kinds of stories *found* in such authors that were circulating orally.
Bart, do you think the original authors of Mark, Matthew, Luke and John thought of their gospels as scripture (writings that were as authoritative and “God breathed” as the canonical OT books)?
Did Paul think of his writings as carrying equal authority as the Old Testament works?
No, I don’t; and Paul: I doubt it. His *views* were that authoritative, though, since he got them from God.
Really? I think it’s obvious that the gospel writers were writing with the intent of being read as ‘Scripture’, as continuations of the Hebrew Bible. There is so much scriptural allusion, so many scenes that appear to be teaching sacramental rituals, etc. The level of theological propaganda is the give away, I feel. Paul’s writings I’m not so sure on though…
If Peter were to read a copy of Matthew or Luke as we have today, do you think he would think that Jesus said what was attributed to him most of the time or not? Why?
Thanks again.
Peter probably had a pretty good idea on his own what Jesus said!
Hello Bart … Just wanted to speak a mystery with you. I can almost be positive I remember a verse saying Jesus was influenced whether it was night or day ? I can almost be positive I remembered a verse some where with Jesus saying ..” Hurry night is coming and I……..”
And also with the gospel of Peter
There was confusion of whether it was night or day ? How or what Is this ? To the point the were troops and falling and mistakenly were bringing lamps ?
“”
. AND MANY WENT ABOUT WITH LAMPS, SUPOSSING THAT IT WAS NIGHT, AND FELL DOWN.??
5 And it was noon, and darkness came over all Judaea: and they were troubled and distressed, lest the sun had set, whilst he was yet alive: [for] it is written for them, that the sun set not on him that hath been put to death. And one of them said, Give him to drink gall with vinegar. And they mixed and gave him to drink, and fulfilled all things, and accomplished their sins against their own head. And many went about with lamps, supposing that it was night, and fell down. And the Lord cried out, saying, My power, my power, thou hast forsaken me. And when he had said it he was taken up. And in that hour the vail of the temple of Jerusalem was rent in twain.
Wonderful! Looking forward to it!
Looking forward to your new book!
Are you planning a scholarly, more in depth version also?
Nope, no plans for that. I’m moving on to another book on a different topic now…
Is the book you are working the rise of Christianity to Constantine trade book and textbook?
Yes, it’s a trade book for a general, adult, audience.
Brilliant. Can’t wait. Do you know yet if there will be an audiobook version?
Yup!