I have begun to answer a series of questions asked by a reader about the textual history of Paul’s letter to the Philippians. In my previous post I explained why some critical scholars maintain that the letter was originally two separate letters that have been spliced together. That obviously makes the next question the reader asked a bit more complicated than one might otherwise imagine. And it’s not the only complication. Here is the reader’s next question:
QUESTION: Do you agree that the first copy of the letter written by Paul to the Philippians was also an original?
RESPONSE: First off, my initial reaction that I gave a couple of posts ago still holds. I’m not exactly sure what the reader is asking. If he’s asking whether a copy of the original letter to Philippians is itself an original of Philippians, then the answer is no. It is not the original. It is a copy of the original. Big difference. But what if this copy was exactly like the original in every single respect – with no differences of any kind: wouldn’t it then be the original? No, then it would be an accurate copy of the original. But it would not be the original.
But the question does raise an important and virtually insoluble other problem – or set of problems. What, in the case of Paul’s letter to the Philippians, would it even mean to call something (a papyrus manuscript with writing on it) the “original.” Or rather, what would the “original” be – how could we imagine it? There are so many problems that it is hard to know where to begin.
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I’m curious if there’s a good reference book for gaining knowledge on the earliest manuscript evidence. I’ve read your “Misquoting Jesus”, but I’m thinking of something more along the lines of a general reference book – maybe a college level reference book of some sort – something that just discusses the earliest manuscripts, states where it was found and is now located, states where the manuscript starts and stops in the text (what’s included, what’s missing), broadly outlines the scholarship and questions over the manuscript etc. Any suggestions?
The two standard books are Bruce Metzger, Text of the New Testament, and Kurt and Barbara Aland, Text of the New Testament. If these are too difficult you might start with the books (check Amazon) on New Testament textual criticism by DAvid Alan Black or by Harold Greenlee.
Really interesting analysis about the two letters being cut and pasted together. Keep going.
Off topic again…
In How Jesus Became God you wrote:
“University intellectuals almost never speak of “objectivity” any more, unless they happen to live on the margins of intellectual life.”
I would appreciate it if sometime you would expand upon this thought and explain how it relates to your attempt to be objective while marshalling the data to support the thesis of your book.
I can understand that total objectivity is unattainable except possibly in deductive systems such as mathematics. Nevertheless, practically don’t we strive for a degree of objectivity in what we think and do as we live our lives?
The idea is that true “objectivity” cannot exist in humans doing the research because they are *humans*, and as humans we are subjects with thoughts, ideas, views, perspectives, assumptions, beliefs, likes, dislikes, loves, hates, biases — and we can’t get rid of these no matter how much we try. So the goal in doing historical research is not to pretend that we don’t have these things — we do! — but to keep these things from interfering with the results of our work. So it is possible to try to come to “disinterested” conclusions, but we cannot, strictly speaking be objected. We have presuppositions. We shouldn’t allow our presuppositions to determine what we “find.”
Dr. E, I guess this is why you need a PhD to really understand this.
😉
It gets worse! 🙂
Thanks Bart, How do “we” know that the original letter was composed of two earlier letters, and how do “we” know which one came first?
I tried to explain the evidence (in shortened form) in my previous post.
I guess it would help if I read the post the day before.
It’s still a puzzle to me that so many Bible books seem to have resulted from an editor splicing together several different sources/authors. Was this a common way for books to have been written during Bible times?
I suppose these are unusual books, since they are starting to be used by communities in their worship services and so are in circulation in a different way from other kinds of books. They are of broader importance and it may be that some communities wanted combinations of the best of several books?
Apocalypticism
This is an off topic post.
Philip Harland of York University in Toronto has posted as podcasts his courses on the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean.
Series 7 and 8 are outstanding, thorough, academic lectures on the origins of apocalypticism and the origins of Satan.
If you have always wanted background history on these topics to complement Bart’s writings and lectures on Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, check it out at Feedburner:
http://feeds.feedburner.com/feedburner/APRP
or his site:
http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/religions-of-the-ancient-mediterannean-podcast-collection-page-series-1-6/
I came across this at:
http://biblicalstudiesonline.wordpress.com/category/biblical-studies-topics/jesus/historical-jesus/
DR EHRMAN:
Anything is possible! What if we have the very words of Paul who claimed to have seen Jesus after he was put to death by crucifixion. What if Jesus literally taught Paul exactly what to say and teach. What if the letter to the Philippians is a true and reliable source. As you said we will never know for certain. Your speculation is as good as mine.
I believe we can trust what is written in Philippians. God can do far greater things than what we can think of or for that matter write about.
RE: “If we say that *that* is the original, then we have a very big problem indeed – since we do not have any manuscript, of any kind, whatsoever, that contains either one of those two letters.”
Okay, so for sake of argument, imagine that tomorrow some library finally gets around to cataloguing a box of very fragmentary papyri and one of them just so happens to have something that’s identifiably Philippians 3.1a followed immediately by something that’s identifiably Philippians 4.21. Would we then have to change all of our Bibles to have 1 and 2 Philippians?
Well, I don’t think the Bibles are ever gonna change no matter what! Too much pressure from the churches (and individual Christians) ever to let scholars have any say in the matter!