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Christ-killers; the date of Luke; and the literacy of Matthew: Questions and Responses

Here are some of the really interesting questions I've received recently, and my responses. QUESTION: Bart, you have said:  “1 Thessalonians is a heartfelt connection from Paul to some of his converts where he tells them how well he thinks they are doing, urges them to keep on keeping on, reminds them to avoid sinful natures, and encourages to be patient now that some have fallen asleep, because the end is near.” It’s been a long time since I’ve read the book and I am struck with the passage  “…You suffered from your own people the same things those churches suffered from the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus…” “…the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus…”, in the earliest Christian document we have????? Dr. Ehrman, what are your thoughts on that? I didn’t remember Paul saying something so matter of fact blaming Jews for the death of Jesus.   RESPONSE: Yup, it's a tricky passage.  The important thing to notice is that Paul is talking about people in a region (around Thessalonica and [...]

2025-11-07T10:57:01-05:00November 9th, 2025|Reader’s Questions|

How the Heavenly Lights and the Resurrection of the Phoenix Reveal God’s Will

I’ve indicated that the book of 1 Clement is rather long and seems a bit rambling in places to many of its readers, when its only real goal is to tell some usurpers in the church of Corinth to give the reins of power back to the duly appointed church leaders. I read it differently.  I think that it makes rather marvelous connections between things that one would normally think of as unrelated in an extended effort to show the wayward upstarts in Corinth that they have taken over the church illicitly. Who woulda thought that the sun, moon, and stars, the seasons ,the boundaries of the sea, and the winds reveal that God wants the original leaders given their authority back? Or that the Myth of the Phoenix (first discussed in the western tradition six centuries earlier by Herodotus) would have any relevance? This author thinks so! Here are two passages that make the point.  The first (ch. 20) expounds on the regularity of nature as established by God, in order to [...]

2025-11-07T10:46:03-05:00November 8th, 2025|Early Christian Writings (100-400 CE)|

June 2026 Cruise Details – Norway & Svalbard

I earlier mentioned that in June I'm doing a cruise with Thalassa Journeys that will go up the coast of Norway to Svalbard (think: Polar Bears!).  This is going to be a terrific adventure; gorgeous landscapes, picturesque villages; intriguing wildlife; and scintillating fellow-travelers all on a fantastic ship that I've been on and can certainly vouch for.  I'll be giving lectures on "Who Chose the Gospels," based on research I'm currently doing for my next book.  Come along and you'll be the first to hear!  (When I'm not lecturing, I'll be hanging out with my fellow travelers, sharing ideas and thinking deep thoughts!) Below is the brochure.  (You can scroll through it with the sidebar on the right.)  There is limited space available so you if you're inclined -- go for it. To that end, Thalassa Journeys has provided an EARLY BIRD  SPECIAL.  Anyone who signs up by December 15, 2025 will receive a $300 discount on the trip.  AND for everyone who takes advantage of the Early Bird pricing, I will provide a free webinar, early [...]

2025-11-07T10:48:09-05:00November 7th, 2025|Public Forum|

Was 1 Clement Written BEFORE Some of the New Testament?

This will be my final post on the book of 1 Clement.  Now that I’ve summarized what the book is about and said something about its author, I can turn to the question of when it was written.  The time of its writing is an important question, for a reason you might not suspect. It is almost always said – I myself regularly say this, as a kind of simple “short hand,” knowing that it’s probably not literally true -- that the books of the New Testament are the “earliest” Christian writings we have.  In fact, if, as is often thought, Revelation was written around 95 CE, and 2 Peter around 120 and Acts possibly (?) around them as well, then a couple of other Christian books may have ante-dated them, including 1 Clement and the Didache, two of the apostolic fathers.  The letters of Ignatius of Antioch were almost certainly written around 110 CE. So, the big question here is: when did this anonymous author from Rome write the book of 1 Clement?   This [...]

2025-11-03T11:52:10-05:00November 6th, 2025|Early Christian Writings (100-400 CE)|

Did “Pope” Clement Write 1 Clement?

I continue here with my discussion of the book of 1 Clement, probably unknown to many people on the blog, but an important work written at about the time of some of some of the writings of the New Testament – or so I’ll be arguing in the post after this.  First I need to say something about the author.  Why is it attributed to someone named Clement?   Could this really have been written by a first-century pope (i.e., the Bishop of the church in Rome)? Again, I am taking this information from the Introduction to the letter, which I give in a new English translation (with the Greek text on the facing page) in the first volume of my Apostolic Fathers in the Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 2003). ****************************** The Author of the Book Even though the letter claims to be written by the “church ... residing in Rome,” it has from early times been attributed to Clement, a leader of the Roman church near the end of the [...]

2025-11-03T11:42:45-05:00November 5th, 2025|Public Forum|

1 Clement in a Nutshell

I begin this thread of posts on "The Apostolic Fathers in a Nutshell"  (see yesterday's post) with the book of 1 Clement, which was almost certainly the first of these non-canonical proto-orthodox texts to be written.  I will devote several posts to 1 Clement itself: this one will provide a brief overview. I begin with a fifty-word one-sentence summary: 1 Clement is a letter from the church of Rome to the church of Corinth that objects at length to its recent coup of leadership, urging the rival leaders to yield power back to the duly appointed original elders out of humility and  obedience, for the health of the church.   Now a fuller exposition.  I have taken this from the Introduction to 1 Clement in my edition, The Apostolic Fathers vol. 1 (Harvard University Press, 2003) ****************************** The “First Letter of Clement” is a misnomer, as no other letter from the author survives:  “Second Clement,” which is not a letter, comes from a different hand (as I will show in my post to come on Second Clement).  [...]

2025-11-03T11:28:08-05:00November 4th, 2025|Early Christian Writings (100-400 CE)|

You’re Invited to Bart’s Final Lecture December 7th!

From Jen: You've hopefully heard the big news by now. After more than three decades of teaching, Bart will soon step away from the classroom. (But don't worry, he's not stepping away from the blog!) This December marks his retirement from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where generations of students have sat in those lecture halls, scribbling notes while Bart brought the ancient world vividly to life. To honor that extraordinary career, Bart will return to the UNC campus one last time to deliver a final public lecture: “The Greatest Discovery in the History of Biblical Studies” When: Sunday, December 7, 2025, 5:00 pm Where: UNC Chapel Hill (Building  TBA) Free and open to the public (registration required) It’s hard to overstate what this moment represents. Bart has spent his life teaching others how to read the New Testament with both rigor and curiosity, stripping away assumptions to see what the texts actually say. This will be his final time doing so in a UNC classroom; the space that shaped so much of his work and [...]

2025-11-03T11:12:37-05:00November 3rd, 2025|Public Forum|

Was Jesus Poor? Platinum post by Douglas Wadeson, MD

Most people would answer this question quickly: Of course he was! It has become an integral part of the Jesus story: he was a poor mendicant preacher. I recently saw a post on Facebook that a group had asked for people to submit their favorite pictures of Jesus and someone submitted a picture of a homeless man sleeping under a blanket on a sidewalk. Now, if this was an allusion to the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats in Matthew 25 I think it is spot on, as Jesus said that to help someone like that homeless man was to do it for Jesus. (Technically, the “King” in the story says this, but people assume Jesus is referring to himself, Matthew 25:40) And Jesus did say, “The foxes have holes and the birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay His head.” (Matthew 8:20). So Jesus really was poor and homeless, right? Is this image of Jesus as a homeless poor man accurate? Let’s go back to [...]

2025-11-03T08:40:09-05:00November 3rd, 2025|Public Forum|

A New Thread! The Apostolic Fathers: In a Nutshell

Now that I’ve completed the “New Testament in a Nutshell” series, with posts summarizing each of the twenty-seven books, explaining their major themes and emphases; when, why, and by whom they were written; giving suggestions for further reading; questions to reflect on; and summaries of the summaries – it is time to move on. And where better to move than to the early Christian writings from outside the New Testament – some of which were considered to belong to the New Testament by various church leaders and authors, for centuries.  Really? Yup.  One of our earliest manuscripts of the New Testament (codex Sinaiticus; from around 375 CE) includes the Shepherd of Hermas and the letter of Barnabas; another (codex Alexandrinus; from around 400 CE) includes 1 and 2 Clement. Some church fathers thought the Didache should belong; or the Apostolic Constitutions, or the Apocalypse of Peter; or …. But what are these books?  One thing we can say about all of them: they are less well known among the general populace than [...]

2025-11-03T11:10:41-05:00November 2nd, 2025|Early Christian Writings (100-400 CE)|

For Further Reading: Jude and Revelation

Now that I’ve devoted several posts to summarizing the themes, emphases, authors, and occasions of the both Jude and Revelation (the final books of the New Testament!), I can provide some suggestions for further reading: important works written by scholars principally for non-scholars.  I have given brief annotations for each book to give you a sense of what it’s about and so help you decide which, if any, might be worth your while. I have divided the list into three sections: Books that provide important discussion of these works. Commentaries that give lengthy introductions to all matters of importance about them, and then go passage by passage to provide more detailed interpretation (that’s where you can dig more deeply into “what does this particular word actually mean?”; “what is the real point of this passage”; “where do we find similar ideas expressed in other writings in the Greek and Roman worlds, whether pagan or Jewish?” and so on. Online resources. A good reliable one!  If you turn to other materials online, caveat emptor.  And since [...]

2025-10-28T21:14:17-04:00November 1st, 2025|Catholic Epistles, Revelation of John|

The Revelation of John at a Glance, with Questions for Reflection

Now that I have provided some posts on the book of Revelation "in a nutshell," including discussions of who wrote it, when, and why -- along with how it is commonly misinterpreted by readers (those who read it!) today -- I can give a quick summary, of Revelation at a Glance, along with three questions to spur your own thinking further. *********************   AT A GLANCE The Book of Revelation The book of Revelation gives a narrative description of a prophet’s vision of what will happen when God brings the world to a cataclysmic end and creates a new heaven and a new earth for his people. The book is best understood within its own historical context as one of the ancient Jewish and Christian apocalypses. Unlike most other apocalypses, it is not pseudonymous: It was written by a Christian prophet named John. This was not, however, John the son of Zebedee. Like other apocalypses, the book is filled with bizarre symbolic visions (whose interpretation the author often intimates), violent repetitions of action, [...]

2025-10-30T22:52:14-04:00October 30th, 2025|Revelation of John|

Blog Dinner in Chapel Hill!! Come Celebrate My Retirement with Me!

If you read these posts every day, you will have learned that I’m retiring from UNC at the end of this semester, am ecstatic about it, and am highly grateful for the career the university and my department has made available and possible for me, as well as for all the students I have had over the years, from still-teenage-recent-high-school grads to seasoned veteran PhD students. My colleague and friend Hugo Mendez, whom many of you know, has taken the lead to set up a final “Retirement Lecture” for me, to commemorate my farewell, on campus at UNC Chapel Hill.   It will be at 5:00 pm on Sunday December 7 on the UNC campus (exact building TBA).  The event will be free of charge and open to the public.  If you can attend in person, great!  Register (free) here.  My title is “The Greatest Discovery in the History of Biblical Studies.”  I will not tell you here what I think it is.  😊  I imagine the talk will be recorded and made [...]

2025-10-28T21:03:52-04:00October 29th, 2025|Public Forum|

Three Common Misunderstandings of the Book of Revelation

This post is directed to several widely held views about the book of Revelation that I think are probably wrong:  Did the author make it so highly symbolic because he didn’t want the authorities to realize what he was saying for fear of reprisal?  Does the book claim that non-believers will be consciously tormented forever in the Lake of Fire?  Does it indicate that anyone who denies or alters a single one of its prophecies be damned forever (22:18-19)? I deal with these issues in my book The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction (Oxford University Press).  Here’s what I say there: ****************************** The Book of Revelation as Underground Literature? Some readers of the book of Revelation have taken its mysterious symbols to suggest that it was “underground” literature. The symbolic language of the book, according to this interpretation, was used to keep the governing authorities from realizing that they themselves were under attack. There may be an element of truth in this view, but one might wonder whether a Roman administrator was [...]

2025-10-22T09:52:57-04:00October 28th, 2025|Public Forum|

Having Some Fun with 666!

As to the book of Revelation.  And one of its best known mysteries, the Number of the Beast (the antiChrist figure), 666! Many moons ago I posted on how people in the modern period have interpreted 666 to refer to someone/something in their own day.  When I was in college, books were published to prove conclusively that it referred to Henry Kissinger, or the Pope; later there were books on it referring to Gorbachov.  Normally the guesses -- always wrong, need I point out -- have been politicians or public figures that the guesser despises.  But that doesn't mean we can't see them as rather humorous.  (Well, OK, I see most things as humorous....) I thought I'd repost the post, with the same caveat I made back then. As you know (I hope) , I try to keep my personal politics out of the blog (and I have a policy of not post overtly political comments, on either/any side). I want the blog to be open and welcoming to all people, whatever their political views [...]

2025-10-20T21:25:24-04:00October 26th, 2025|Public Forum, Revelation of John|

Questions on Jesus as God, the Belief in the Resurrection, Secretaries in Early Christianity, and the KJV!

Here are some of the scintillating questions I've received recently, on a range of topics, that I thought more readers would enjoy seeing, along with my responses.   QUESTION: Dr. Ehrman, I read a number of your trade books (inc. How Jesus became God) and found it really interesting that you showed the increasing exaltation of Jesus toward his current state of being coequal with God. Your book mentioned the “how” behind this exaltation process but I wanted to hear from you if you knew the “why”. Why did early Christians feel the need to exalt Jesus to that level?  Why not be content with understanding him as a divine servant of God (as what the Synoptics portrayed)?  Were there theological difficulties with limiting Jesus to a divine servant?   RESPONSE: My sense is that as Christians increasingly became amazed at the act of salvation Jesus brought they became increasingly convinced that he must have been even more amazing than they had first thought, and there was almost a competition among Christian believers [...]

2025-10-14T21:32:56-04:00October 25th, 2025|Reader’s Questions|

1 and 2 Peter and Jude “At a Glance,” and Questions for Reflection

1 Peter at a Glance 1 Peter claims to be written by Simon Peter, the close disciple of Jesus. Modern scholars have shown reasons to doubt this ascription. It may have been written in Peter’s name by a later Christian living near the end of the first century. If so, it is one of a number of early Christian pseudepigrapha allegedly written by Peter. The book is addressed to Christians in Asia Minor who have been experiencing persecution. The book is written to encourage them in their suffering, to explain why it is happening to them, and to urge them to remain faithful to God in the midst of it so that they may earn an eternal reward for their wrongful mistreatment.   Questions for Reflection What do you think are the strongest arguments that 1 Peter was not actually written by Peter? Do you find these arguments convincing?  Why or why not? In what ways does 1 Peter sound a lot like the teachings of Paul? Explain how a context of persecution [...]

2025-10-27T11:05:51-04:00October 23rd, 2025|Public Forum|

Hebrews and James: “At a Glance” and “Questions for Reflection”

I continue here with my posts that give brief bullet-point summaries of each book of the New Testament “At a Glance” along with questions for reflection to help think through some of the major issues each book presents. Here I cover the first two books of the “General (or Catholic) Epistles,” Hebrews and James. AT A GLANCE: Hebrews The book of Hebrews is anonymous, although it was eventually admitted into the canon by Christians who thought Paul had written it. Modern scholars are unified in thinking that he did not. The book was probably produced sometime near the end of the first century. It is frequently called an “epistle,” but it appears in fact to be a Christian homily or sermon—the earliest one we have, outside of those in the book of Acts. It is written for a group of Christians who have experienced persecution. Despite the book’s title (“To the Hebrews”), the recipients appear to have been Gentiles. The author’s purpose is to convince his listeners not to convert to Judaism. [...]

2025-10-14T21:24:25-04:00October 23rd, 2025|Public Forum|

Lecturing on a Cruise up the Coast of Norway to Svalbard. Wanna Go With Me?

Some of you have asked when / where my next lecture tour would be, and now I've decided. Sometimes I do kinda obvious ones (Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, etc.) and sometimes less obvious (or, well, unexpected) ones because ... I've never done them before.  And so this time.  It's supposed to be flippin' amazing.  A cruise from Bergen Norway up the gorgeous coast to Svalbard and check out the polar bears (and lots of other things). It'll be this June.  I'll be lecturing on a topic of key interest for anyone connected with the blog.  (It will not be related to Polar Bears; others will be doing that.  'Cause we'll be seeing them). Wanna come?  I'll be giving out more information anon, but for now, here is the description that I've written for the forthcoming brochure.  Give it some thought for now, with more details coming soon. ******************************   On June 1-14, 2026, I’ll be giving lectures on a cruise traveling up the western coast of Norway to the incredible Svalbard [...]

2025-10-20T21:28:47-04:00October 22nd, 2025|Public Forum|

Understanding the Book of Revelation as an Apocalypse

In my previous post I tried to explain that the Apocalypse of John, as bizarre and weird and unfathomable as it may seem to most modern readers, would not have seemed that way at all to ancient readers who were accustomed to the ways “apocalypses” (Jewish and Christian) actually worked.  These readers may have had trouble getting their minds around science fiction novels or limerick poems, but apocalypses were something they knew. Since Revelation was written as an apocalypse, it followed most of the expected protocols of apocalypses, as I described these in the previous posts:  As I explain in my book The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction (Oxford University Press), it is a firsthand account written by a prophet who has been shown a vision of heaven that explains the realities of earth, a vision that is mediated by angels and full of bizarre and mysterious symbolism. The nature of the book is indicated at the outset in the magnificent vision of the exalted Christ that the prophet describes in chapter [...]

2025-10-20T21:07:22-04:00October 21st, 2025|Revelation of John|

Personal Annoucement: My Retirement from the University

Teaching has long been a passion of mine, even before I took my first university position at Rutgers in 1984, gulp, forty-one years ago.  After four years there I moved to Chapel Hill and have taught in the Religious Studies Department here since 1988.  And now I have decided it is time for me to retire.  This semester will be my last.  As of January 1, 2026, I will be gainfully unemployed. At least, at the university.  I will still be engaging – actually, having more time to pursue – my other academic interests: my research and publications (Books!), the Blog, and what we originally called BEPS (my company, co-owned with Chris Huntley, that produces online courses, holds conferences, provides consultation services, and so on; if you don’t know about it, see my website bartehrman.com). In short, now that I’m moving out of the ABC’s it will be almost entirely the BBB’s (Books, Blog, BEPS). Well, not exactly.  In addition I will also be able to put more attention to those things that matter most [...]

2025-10-20T08:58:21-04:00October 20th, 2025|Public Forum|
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