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1 Corinthians: For Further Reading

Since Paul’s letter of 1 Corinthians is so central to the modern study of Paul, most of the scholarly books written about Paul for general audiences will either deal directly with it or be in part based on it. I devote a fuller discussion of 1 Corinthians in my textbook, Bart Ehrman and Hugo Mendez, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2024), ch. 20.  That’s a good place to start for a fuller exposition of what I have given here in my nutshell posts.  If you have an earlier edition of the book, it will be pretty much the same, except for the expanded bibliography. Here is an annotated bibliography of books that will deal with 1 Corinthians, most of them as part of their overall discussion of Paul and his letters.  For direct discussion of 1 Corinthians in particular, see especially the book by Dale Martin (The Corinthian Body) and the two commentaries.  ****************************** Aune, David. The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 8th, 2025|Public Forum|

Do We Have the Lord’s Supper All Wrong? Platinum Post by Douglas Wadeson MD

  Scholars debate whether the apostle Paul invented the Lord’s Supper (aka the Eucharist or Communion) or merely inherited it from earlier disciples.  Here is what he says: For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which He was betrayed took bread; and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, “This is My body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of Me.”  In the same way He took the cup also after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood; do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.”  For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until He comes. 1 Corinthians 11:23-26 Our earliest gospel Mark has Jesus saying, “Take it; this is My body…This is My blood of the covenant…” Mark 14:22, 24 Now, whether Paul was saying that he received this directly from Jesus or merely that it was [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 7th, 2025|Public Forum|

1 Corinthians: Who, When, and Why?

Now that I have summarized the major themes and emphases of 1 Corinthians in the previous post, I can address the more specific questions of authorship, date, and purpose. 1 Corinthians is one of the seven undisputed Pauline letters – which, of course, does not mean that no one has ever disputed its authorship, only that the solid critical consensus is that Paul wrote it.  Its writing style, themes, mode of argumentation, presupposed historical context, theological views, and most everything else cohere well with what we can establish as Pauline, so in this case (unlike letters such as Ephesians or 1 Timothy) there is little reason to doubt its authorial claim. As is true of all of Paul’s letters (and the ones forged in his name!) 1 Corinthians begins (as did nearly all ancient personal correspondence), with the writer stating his name and indicating to whom he is writing: Paul, called to be an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and our brother Sosthenes, To the church of God that is in [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 6th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Help Shape the Future of the Blog!

I have a special request to make of all members of the blog. It won’t cost you a dime, but could help bring in thousands. It involves a bit of participation on your end that should be simple but fruitful. Can you help? Here’s the deal. Those of us who produce the blog (Jen, the whole team of volunteers, and I) are very excited that we are moving into its next phase. The blog has done amazing things till now, as you know: over $3 million raised over its lifetime, $580,000 just this past year. Greater things are ahead, as it just gets better and better. We are confident of that because, as you may also know, we have hired an impressive development team, DesignHammer, to create a new, better, and more creative Blog platform that will allow us to accomplish a lot more and a lot more efficiently. The basics of the blog will be the same – I’ll post 5-6 times a week, members at the silver, gold, or platinum levels will be [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 4th, 2025|Public Forum|

1 Corinthians in a Nutshell

I continue now in my thread of providing “nutshell” overviews of each of the books of the New Testament by moving on to one of the favorite Pauline letters for many readers, Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians. In 1 Corinthians Paul deals with a number of ethical issues confronting the Christian community.  Among its many gems is one of the favorite passages of the entire Bible, the “love” chapter of 1 Corinthians 13, which has been read at roughly 99.9% of all weddings in the history of humanity.  One of the big surprises of actually studying the book is that what this chapter is not discussing anything about a wedded couple having many years of marital bliss.  In fact, it’s not about marriage but, well, using one’s spiritual gifts in the church.  Go figure. 1 Corinthians is Paul’s second longest surviving letter (next to Romans) and is difficult to summarize briefly, in part because it deals with so many issues, one-by-one.  Have you read it?  Ever think about it?  If not, no problem.  Keep [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 3rd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Two Fundamental Questions: How Do You Date a Manuscript and How Do you Know the Meaning of a Word?

Among the  interesting questions I've received recently from blog readers, two strike me as especially key for understanding how scholars make the claims they do; one of the questions challenges whether I have grounds to make one of the claims I do!  Good questions.  Some grounds (say, of coffee) are better than others.  Here are the questions and my responses. ****************************** QUESTION What is the process to assign a year to a text? For example, when you say that the earliest text of Matthew that we  still have comes from 375 CE where do you get that date? Do the authors of the texts write the year? Thanks! RESPONSE: I don’t think you are asking when the text of Matthew itself was written (which was 80=85 or so) but when this particular manuscript (the earliest one that contains Matthew) was produced.  And so that’s what I will answer. There is a discipline called palaeography (literally "ancient writing) that dates manuscripts, mainly on the basis of handwriting analysis.  Since everything in antiquity was [...]

April 2025 Gold Q&A

Dear Gold & Platinum Members, It’s that time again—your monthly Gold (and Platinum!) member perk: our exclusive Q&A session. You send in the questions—on anything connected to the blog’s focus on early Christianity—and Bart will answer as many as he can in an exclusive hour-long recording. This month’s session will be recorded live on Easter Sunday, April 20 at 2pm Eastern.Can't make it live? The recording will be sent out to all Gold and Platinum members shortly afterward. Yes, Easter Sunday. What better day to explore the history behind the traditions, stories, and texts that shaped it? If you’ve got a question, send it along to our CEO, Jen Olmos, at [email protected] by end of day Thursday, April 17 (whatever time zone you’re in is fine). Zoom link for this session: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84608863838?pwd=ZldMQms81Obf5aMyLu1TwV4NndkbwT.1 Meeting ID: 846 0886 3838 Passcode: 017087 Remember, short, to-the-point questions work best. Questions that are just 1–2 sentences will be given priority Looking forward to another thoughtful round of Q&A.

2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 1st, 2025|Public Forum|

Guest Post by Dr. Paul Fredriksen Part III: The Conversions of “Christianity”

  This is the third and, alas, final post by Paula Fredriksen, William Goodwin Aurelio Professor of Scripture, emerita, at Boston University, on her new book Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years. As you'll see, it is smart, interesting, and accessible.  You can find it most anywhere you buy books. ****************************** Why should it matter, to have a historical grasp of the origins and development of early  Christianities?   For those of us who value history, the answer is obvious: better to have a clear vision of  the past rather than a blurry one. But because we still live with the consequences of events that  happened in the first through fifth centuries, I think that a more adequate understanding of that  past matters. Having a clearer sense of what those events were and were about gives us some  critical purchase on where we find ourselves, now.  Eusebius gave us our first history of the church. The traditional story, hung from his  scaffolding, is still familiar. Jesus, said Eusebius, inaugurated a new religion separate from [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00April 1st, 2025|Public Forum|

Guest Post by Dr. Paula Fredriksen Part II: The Politics of Piety

Here now is the second post by Paula Fredriksen, William Goodwin Aurelio Professor of Scripture, emerita, at Boston University, on her new book Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years. As you'll see, it is smart, interesting, and accessible.  You can find it most anywhere you buy books. ****************************** It’s an awkward fact, for those of us who have advanced degrees in the study of ancient  religion, that antiquity had no word for, and arguably no concept of, “religion.” Religio in Latin  meant something like “obligation” or “reverence.” Our modern definition of religion rests on a  foundation set in the Enlightenment. Religion, now, indexes conviction, the intellectual assent  and psychological and emotional commitment to a proposition: one believes “sincerely” or  “strongly.” Distinguished from the secular world, religion is embodied in doctrine-defined  institutions, which one can move into or out of. For all these reasons, modern religion rests  preeminently in the domain of the individual. If we reconfigure our definition to mean “relations between gods and humans,” a stark  contrast jumps out: ancient “religion” was [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 30th, 2025|Public Forum|

Guest Post by Dr. Paula Fredriksen Part I: Ancient Christianities: Multiplicity, Messy Origins, and “Monotheism” 

I was very excited when I learned that Paula Fredriksen, one of top scholars of early Christianity of our generation, was producing an introduction to the development of Christianity over its first five-hundred years.  I frequently get asked by reader where they can go for an competent and readable overview of the major issues, and, well, there simply has not been a single source to suggest.  Her book came out a few months ago, and it has lived up to its billing.  It's called Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years, and you can get it most anywhere. I've asked Paula to give us some sense of the book, and she has graciously provided three posts on it.  Here is the first.  As you'll see, it is intriguing and not what many readers will expect! ****************************** People often speak of “the triumph of Christianity” as if “Christianity” were one single,  uniform thing from the mission of Jesus on through to the conversion of Constantine – and,  indeed, on into our own day. They see Jesus and [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 29th, 2025|Public Forum|

Paul and Women Apostles

Here now is a final post about an interesting feature of Paul's letter to the Romans.  as you may know, Paul is often considered one of the real misogynists of Christian antiquity.  But I'm not sure that's right.  Most of the antipathy toward his views are based on 1 Timothy 2:11-15, a book he didn't write, and 1 Corinthians 14:34-35, a passage that was probably inserted into his letter by someone else. No one can deny (well, at least I can't deny) that there are yet other passages in Paul that are completely unacceptable to modern proponents of women's rights, including, rather forcefully, me.  BUT  there are other passages that show that Paul not only allowed, but encouraged, women to be leaders of the church, in a world where women's leadership of most anything outside the private space of the home was both unusual and frowned upon. A key passage comes at the very end of Paul's letter to the Romans. It involves a woman he acknowledges as one of the most [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 27th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

The Earliest Understanding of Christ? The Hint in Paul’s Letter to the Romans

Because of the importance of Paul's letter to the Romans, I want to provide a couple of additional reflections on key points in the letter, one at the very beginning and one at the end, before moving on in this Nutshell Thread to 1 Corinthians. On a number of occasions I have argued on the blog that that the earliest understanding of Christ among his first followers was a kind of "low" Christology, one that considered Jesus to be a full flesh and blood human being (as he considered himself!), and nothing more than a man, until at some point God exalted him and made him his son, the ruler of all, the messiah, the Lord. But "claiming" something is not the same as showing it.  I realize a lot of people today don't really care about "evidence" or "proof," but are happy simply to believe what someone tells them, so long as it's someone they like for one reason or another.  But I have to admit, I'm an evidence guy.  I want to have [...]

2025-09-10T12:52:16-04:00March 26th, 2025|Early Christian Doctrine, Paul and His Letters|

Paul’s Letter to the Romans: For Further Reading

Since Paul’s letter to the Romans is so central to the modern study of Paul, most of the scholarly books written about Paul for general audiences will either deal directly with it or be in part based on it.  For a list of some of the best of those, see my previous post (“The Life and Letters of Paul: For Further Reading” (March 16, 2025). I devote a full chapter to Romans in my textbook, Bart Ehrman and Hugo Mendez, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2024), ch. 21.  That’s a good place to start for a fuller exposition of what I have given here in my nutshell posts.  If you have an earlier edition of the book, it will be pretty much the same, except for the expanded bibliography. Here is bibliography based on my seventh and eight editions (combined) of my book: Books about Romans Donfried, Karl P., ed. The Romans Debate, 2nd ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrikson, 1991. A collection [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:23-04:00March 25th, 2025|Public Forum|

Unusually Important for the Letter to the Romans: Paul’s Models of Salvation

In my initial post on Romans that gave a “nutshell” view of its overarching message, I indicated that Paul explained his Gospel by means of a “bad news/good news” schema, that in the shortest hand possible explained that all humans, whether Jew or Gentile, were doomed because of “sin” (bad news) but could have “salvation” through the death and resurrection of Jesus (good news).  I also indicated that in Romans Paul expressed this bad news/good news scenario in two major ways.  In this post I want to explicate the matter further. Elsewhere on the blog I’ve called these two ways of understanding sin and salvation as “models” of Paul’s understanding of how Christ can bring reconciliation with God.  Both models involve “sin” but mean something different by it; both show that Christ can bring deliverance from salvation but express how it works in a different way.  I normally call these two ways of understanding it all as the “judicial” and the “participationist” models. In very rough terms, the “judicial” model is principally laid out in [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 23rd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

The Letter to the Romans: Who, When, and Why?

In my previous post I summarized the major themes of the letter to the Romans; in that context I mentioned already some of the key aspects of both authorship and purpose.  But in this post I want to dig deeper into who wrote it, when, and at particular length, why. ****************************** Romans is the sixth book of the New Testament and the first for which we are virtually certain as to the authorship.  The Gospels and Acts are anonymous, only later attributed to their eponymous authors (eponymous being one of those words I love).  Romans, however, names its author -- in the first word!  "Paul."  Lots of other writings claim to be by the apostle Paul but were actually written by other people claiming to be Paul, as I've mentioned; six of those are in the NT (at least six that are debated) and there are more than that outside it (none of which are debated). But in this case there is little doubt about the matter.  This letter claims to be by Paul, is [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 22nd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Will I See Fido in Heaven? Webinar on the Afterlife of Animals with Me and Barbara Ambros

In case you missed the announcement, I'm doing a one-hour webinar on whether your beloved pet will be joining you in the heavenly realm  when you've both passed of your respective mortal coils.  It's this Sunday, March 23, 1:00, remote.   All info below. It's a fundraiser for my department, to help grad students in their programs to be trained as researchers and teachers.  A worthy cause!  The Robert Miller Fund is one that I myself started some years ago, to provide assistance for grad students needing to present papers at conferences and similar needs.  It's an increasingly important cause for those of us committed the spread of knowledge about religion in the generation to come. Here's the fuller announcement (with video).   Register: https://unc.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_9Oxg0DBJQ_2WiyHKO7Elsw Donate: https://give.unc.edu/donate?f=105550&p=aasf https://vimeo.com/1063322255/1f0e8c4faa?share=copy Will I See Fido in Heaven? The Afterlife of Animals in Buddhism and Christianity Do our pets go to heaven? Do they have souls? Can we talk about the salvation of a pet? What about reincarnation, can our pets come back as other animals, or even as people? This [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 21st, 2025|Public Forum|

A Major Milestone on the Blog! $3 Million Donated to Charity!!

We have just passed a major milestone on the blog in its efforts to raise money for charity, and I’d like us all to celebrate it!  (See the Press Release we have just sent out, at the end of this post)  As of this week, for the life of the blog, we have distributed over $3,000,000 (that would be three million dollars!) to our charities helping those I need..  Whoa.  Who woulda thought? I certainly never did.  For those of you who don’t know or at least remember, I started this little venture in April 2012.  At the time, I had no interest in a blog, no desire to do one, and, actually, little idea about what a blog was.  Sounded like an ink stain or swamp or … who knows.  OK, I did know it was something tech-savvy people did, but that was about it.  I had other things to keep me busy. Then out of the blue, a friend, over late night drinks, suggested I do one.  I had an immediate response:  no [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 20th, 2025|Public Forum|

New Course Announcement: The Other Doubting Thomases

I'm very excited to announce that I will be doing a new course on April 6, on the resurrection narratives of the New Testament, called "The Other Doubting Thomases: Did Jesus's Disciples All Believe in the Resurrection?" The course is not connected to the blog, but may well be of interest to all you blog members!  For more information and registration, go to https://www.bartehrman.com/the-other-doubting-thomases/   Early bird pricing goes till March 23, and note: you can get a blog discount by using the code BLOG 5 Of course everyone assumes the eleven remaining disciples of Jesus did believe in the resurrection, and the New Testament certainly says so in places.  But there are other passages that raise significant questions, that to my knowledge are almost never considered by scholars let alone other readers.  Why is it that even in the passages that describe Jesus' resurrection -- nearly all of them in the Gospels and Acts -- we are told that some of the disciples "doubted."  What was there to doubt?  Especially if Jesus was right in [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 19th, 2025|Public Forum|

Interested in Visiting the Greek Islands with Me? Spots Still Available!

  In case you didn't catch this the first time, I'd like to invite anyone who is interested and able to come with me on an amazing trip this summer, in just two months. Space is  limited – so if you’re interested, check out the brochure I provide below at the bottom of the post. It will give you all the details you would need to know, and I’m happy to address any questions you have. Here is what I say about the trip in the description. ************************* The Greek Islands are some of my favorite places on earth. I’ve been on a number of occasions, and this Thalassa Journey is taking me there again. Wanna come with me? We will be island-hopping to some of the most scenic sites in the world – stunningly gorgeous landscapes and seascapes, incredibly beautiful villages and towns, museums, monasteries, churches, and archaeological sites: some of the oldest remnants of western civilization. I can’t tell you how excited I am about this trip. Some of the places we’ll be [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 18th, 2025|Public Forum|

Paul’s Letter to the Romans in a Nutshell

I will now move to a nutshell mini-thread on the individual Pauline letters in the New Testament.  I will be covering them in canonical sequence, including both the so-called undisputed Pauline letters, which I’m saying are “so-called” simply because scholars in every field dispute flippin’ everything (well, almost everything), and the disputed epistles, which, as it turns out are undisputably disputed! The thirteen letters are arranged not in chronological (or alphabetical!) sequence, but by length: with Romans as the longest and Philemon the shortest.  Note: in this arrangement, letters to the SAME audience (two each to the Corinthians and the Thessalonians) are combined in order to determine their length. And so, the sequence (with U meaning undisputed and D disputed) is Romans (U) 1 Corinthians (U) 2 Corinthians (U) Galatians (U) Ephesians (D) Philippians (U) Colossians (D) 1 Thessalonians (U) 2 Thessalonians (D) 1 Timothy (D) 2 Timothy (D) Titus (D) Philemon (U) In this four-post mini-thread, I deal with the letter to the Romans.  I begin by giving a 50-word summary.  If you know [...]

2025-09-10T13:11:08-04:00March 18th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|
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