A couple of weeks ago we had a very fun Movie Club as a fundraiser for the blog, trying to raise funds to cover our operating expenses, since all the membership fees and any regular donations that come in go directly to our charities — but we still have to pay our bills!  This one was on the Life of Brian.  Have you seen it?  If not, you should.  If you’ve seen it ten times, you should see it eleven.

During our discussion of the film I pointed out that there was a conference in London some years ago to celebrate the 35th anniversary of its release — a group of academics specializing in New Testament and/or ancient Judaism reading serious papers (often with some humor) about the relevance of their field for the film, and vice versa.  Seriously.  (John Cleese came to the conference and thought the whole thing was outrageously funny and great fun — a group of academics discussing a film he and his Monty Python buds had come up with.  He was an after dinner speaker.)

I gave one of the papers, and have decided to reproduce it here for blog members; it eventually appeared (without the film clips) in a book, Jesus and Brian, edited by Joan Taylor.  This will take three blog posts.  This is the first.

The paper will make better sense with the clips (there is one in this installment and two in the third), so I recommend looking at them at the proper time in the paper.

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When the Life of Brian came out in 1979, I was an earnest and devout 23-year old student at Princeton Theological Seminary, studying for ministry.   Even though Princeton Seminary at the time was not, on the whole, strongly conservative in its theological orientation, I was.   I had come to the school from Wheaton, an evangelical Christian liberal arts college; and before that I had studied at Moody Bible Institute, a bastion of fundamentalism in Chicago.   By the time I was at Princeton Seminary, I was moving away from my evangelicalism, but I was still a sincere and committed conservative Christian, and even though I knew very little about the Life of Brian before seeing it – apart from the ghastly rumors that had been floating around in evangelical circles – I was certain that I would find it offensive to my religious sensibilities.

And sure enough, I was right.   As a result, I felt deeply guilty at laughing when I knew that as a committed Christian I was supposed to be scowling.  But afterward I combatted this moral failing by telling everyone I knew the theological shortcomings of the film.

The one scene that I found particularly offensive at the time is not one that would immediately occur to most viewers as particularly troubling to conservative Christian sensibilities.   It is the scene where we find a group of apocalyptic preachers of doom in the midst of Jerusalem.

Please watch video segment in the page as to remain in context with outline.

 

The reason I found the scene offensive was

that I knew full well that Jesus himself was reputed to have delivered some rather graphic apocalyptic discourses (as in Mark 13); moreover, at this transitional stage of my theological thinking, I had already begun to see that the majority of biblical scholars outside the ranks of the conservative evangelicals had good reason to think that Jesus’ overarching message was in fact one of coming apocalyptic doom.  By suggesting that a Jewish apocalyptic preacher from Galilee was simply regurgitating the kind of fluff and nonsense that could be found on any street corner in Jerusalem, the film – I thought – was completely undercutting the powerful and distinctive message of Jesus himself.   The scene was not as obviously offensive as, say, Always look on the Bright Side of Life, but in many ways for me it was the most dangerous scene of them all.  In a far more subtle way it undercut the very core of Jesus’ message and mission.   And it made him, by implication, a complete crazy like these other apocalyptic wackos.

And so I assured everyone I knew – including my three seminary friends who went with me to see it, while we were still in the parking lot – that it wasn’t like that at all.  Jesus’ message was distinct, a revelation from God.  He was not simply mouthing typical visionary mumbo-jumbo.

A few years after that I had calmed down a bit; my views of Jesus had begun to alter significantly, and my knowledge of first century Palestinian Judaism had developed significantly.  It’s not that I came to think that Jesus too was a loony set loose on the curious crowds of Jerusalem.   But I had come to see that Jesus’ message really was thoroughly apocalyptic, and that it was not entirely unique.  It participated much more broadly in the apocalyptic stream of tradition of his day and time.

In Jesus’ day this apocalyptic stream of tradition was not usually propagated by the likes of those crazies of the film clip we have just seen.   The scene is a parody.   But as with all good parody, it embodies a kind of historical truth, and by providing a caricature of historical reality it highlights a certain aspect of that reality, allowing us to look beyond the incidentals – in this case the spoofed preachers themselves – to the heart of the matter, the apocalyptic fervor of the time.  The parody, in other words, has a solid historical basis that is exploited through manipulation of the peripheral matters in order to emphasize a central point.

With the exception of the fourth figure in the scene, who really is an idiot, the reason these apocalyptic preachers seem so funny in the film is not only because of their gloom and doom predictions and physical appearance, but also because of their absurd context.  Brian joins them, after all, after taking a Star Wars inspired trip through space, and crash landing in the heart of Jerusalem, only to emerge unscathed.  One could argue that this is a particularly appropriate context to introduce our eschatological doomsayers, as what is apocalyptic eschatology if not a kind of ancient science fiction involving greater heavenly powers, bizarre supra-human creatures from space, cosmic battles beyond the ken of mere mortals, fantastic flights of fancy concerning ultimate reality that cannot be experienced, sensed, or even comprehended by the normal person walking down the dusty streets of first century Jerusalem?

But if you would remove these street preachers from their absurd context in the film and place them instead in known contexts of antiquity, would their preaching really seem all that disjunctive with what we know of that world otherwise?  To answer the question, simply imagine someone from the Monty Python crew mouthing the words of John the Baptist:  “The axe is already laid at the root of the trees; every tree that does not produce fruit will be chopped down and thrown into the fire.”

Or the words of Jesus the son of Ananias, from Josephus  (Jewish War 6.5.3):  “Woe, woe to Jerusalem….  A voice from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds, a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house, a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides, and a voice against this whole people!.”   We should not forget that Josephus tells us that the Jewish rulers thought that this Jesus spoke “with a kind of divine fury”, and that Jesus “did not leave off his melancholy ditty,” until finally the Roman procurator Alvinus “took him to be a mad man.”

Or imagine one of Monty Python’s cast intoning the words from the Qumran War Scroll: “During the remaining 33 years of the war the men of renown, those called of the Congregation, and all the heads of the congregation’s clans shall choose for themselves men of war for all the lands of the nations (col. 2).… The first division shall heave into the enemy battle line seven battle darts. On the blade of the first dart they shall write, “Flash of a spear for the strength of God.”  On the second weapon they shall write, “Missiles of blood to fell the slain by the wrath of God.”  and so on. (col 6) …

Any of these apocalyptic preachings from roughly the time of Jesus could easily be parodied.  To parody them is not necessarily to mock them.  It is to concentrate on a key topic by caricaturing the peripherals.  The key topic of all these declarations – those of Monty Python’s street preachers, of John the Baptist, of Jesus son of Ananias, of the War Scroll, and of Jesus of Nazareth – the key topic is that the end of the current order of things is imminent, disaster is soon to strike, God is soon to intervene, and people need to repent in order to be ready.

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I will pick up at this point of my paper in the next point, as I move on to talk about how the film caricatures the “biblical epics”  (especially the sermon on the mount), and about what this parody should alert us to as those interested in the narratives of the Bible — especially the Gospels.

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2023-07-03T16:14:30-04:00July 8th, 2023|Historical Jesus, Jesus and Film, Public Forum, Video Media|

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16 Comments

  1. Nanr42 July 8, 2023 at 10:54 am

    Thinking of the War Scroll, about engraving sayings on the weapons, it reminds me of when they wrote “Bend over Tojo” on the atomic bomb for Hiroshima.

    • Stonefeather July 16, 2023 at 12:39 am

      I’ve been trying to find video of John Clese’s after dinner remarks but having no luck. Is it out there somewhere, do you know?

      • BDEhrman July 16, 2023 at 5:12 am

        I don’t think it was recorded, but don’t remember.

  2. giselebendor July 8, 2023 at 4:41 pm

    O,Jerusalem… what manner of upheaval haven’t you wrought?
    Somewhat related,for hundreds of years there were those affected by “Jerusalem Syndrome”, where mad men – they were always men- expressed their Messianic claims ,sometimes in vociferous ways, or at the least loud enough to be noticed. And interned.The expression endures to negatively describe self-appointed “saviours” and otherwise religiously deluded charlatans ,to this day. It’s used humorously as well, as a great exaggeration applied to someone who simply speaks of himself
    “as if “he were God. Or close.

    I always feel that John the Baptist never got enough credit for being Jesus’ apocalyptic inspiration. Jesus was, in that sense, a follower of the Baptist.One can only imagine, by the Biblical description of his dress and eating habits, what a wild presence he would have been,perhaps approximating literally the wild apocalyptic characters in Life of Brian.It does seem to be too much of a stretch to conclude that Monty Python was actually referring to Jesus, who was not known to dress in anything less than traditional garb, as humble Galileans did. But surely Life of Brian does make fun, in the broadest sense, of the insanity of religious fundamentalism .

    • BDEhrman July 9, 2023 at 3:12 pm

      I’d say historical scholars for the last century or so have been keyed in on the importance of John and Jesus as his follower. You’re right, though, that most Christians have never much thought about it or its significance.

  3. giselebendor July 8, 2023 at 4:57 pm

    Funny, I never thought of the last charlatan as an idiot. I always thought he caricatures a slippery politician, speaking of one thing and its opposite and saying nothing in countless words with his audience not knowing any better. Blessed be the Greeks, no?
    An idiot? Perhaps that, too , depending on your view of politicians😊. Or maybe there’s something wrong with me!

  4. Neurotheologian July 8, 2023 at 6:14 pm

    It makes me wonder whether Jesus’s understanding of the Kingdom of God morphed from his early John the Baptist disciple days to the his own early ministry where he emphasised the “good news” of the kingdom (as opposed to John’s fiery bad news) to his pre-crucifixion ministry where he may have had a less earth bound concept of the Kingdom being within or among you. But this I accept may have been a retrospective post-crucifixion Christian development.

  5. AngeloB July 9, 2023 at 10:00 pm

    My brother, as an Orthodox Christian, finds the film offensive and blasphemous!

  6. nanuninu July 13, 2023 at 9:00 pm

    Perhaps Jesus wasn’t the meek and mild guy we’ve all had a soft spot in our hearts for. Maybe he was the David Koresh of first century Palestine.

  7. Stonefeather July 16, 2023 at 12:31 am

    They were not much different than what we see today. The difference is there was no social media back then. In fact, a lot of the movie was really more a parody of the present than of the past, as with the scene where Brian first meets the People’s Front of Judea, while the the latter are trying to work out their platform while expressing their disdain for the People’s Judean Front and other “splitters.” VERY much 1970s lefties culture!

  8. kenw54 July 26, 2023 at 1:42 pm

    Speaking of the historical Jesus, I think that the fact that he was God in human form, goes fairly unnoticed and people, mostly Christians, seem to assume that everyone in Judea knew that he was God, but condemned and crucified him anyway, creating the “deicide” charge. I think the term “deicide” has been misapplied. It means the killing of a God, but as Jesus was in human form and no one, neither Jew nor Roman, could tell that he was God, was it really a deicide?

    • BDEhrman July 30, 2023 at 8:53 am

      Of course the statement that he was God in human form is a theological statement, not the kind of thing that a historian would say. But if anyone does say he was God in human form, then killing him still would be the killing of God, whatever his form.

  9. kenw54 July 31, 2023 at 1:02 pm

    Ok, BUT, weren’t they, Jew and Roman, historically speaking, dealing with a human being, not God? And from their perspective, committing homicide, but not deicide?

    • BDEhrman August 4, 2023 at 4:21 am

      The only people who could say it was deicide would be those who believe(d) Jesus is (was) God. The only ones who think(thought) that were his followers.

  10. kenw54 August 13, 2023 at 9:06 am

    When you say “his followers” I think you need to make a distinction between his early followers and his later [by decades] followers. His disciples and followers alive when he was alive would not have thought of him as God — maybe a great man, wonderful teacher, or fearless leader, not afraid to protest the establishment — but not God, at that point in time. After all, he was totally in human form, so what indication was there that he was God? None, I would think. As reflected in the Synoptic Gospels, there is no mention of Jesus being thought of as God and these gospels were written early on, only one or two generations after his death. So, it wasn’t until his martyrdom began to be legendary and revered that Jesus started to be thought of as divine, but long after his death, and certainly not during his lifetime, by either Jews or Romans — as reflected in the book of John, which came decades later. Is this timeline correct?

    • BDEhrman August 17, 2023 at 5:24 am

      I completely agree that it didn’t happen during his lifetime. But I think it almost certainly happened as soon as his followers, at the time, came to believe he had been taken up to heaven at the resurrection. Thqat is what made a mortal divine in antiquity — going to the heavenly realms. And his immediate followers began thinking that had happened to him soon after his death. I discuss this at some length in my book How Jesus Became God.

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