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Jewish Disagreements About the Afterlife: Pharisees and Sadducees

In previous posts I have discussed the different Jewish sects that we know about from the first century, at the dawn of Christianity (Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Fourth Philosophy).  In the post I indicated that (a) there were different understandings of the afterlife among them, but (b) there was a belief in a future resurrection of the dead attested in at least two of the groups: the Pharisees and Essenes.   We don’t know what the eschatological views of the Fourth Philosophy were; possibly different Jews who wanted the violent overthrow of the Roman overlords had various expectations.  We really don’t know. One reason we don’t know is that we don’t have any writings from any of them.  On other hand, that’s true of the Sadducees and the Pharisees as well.  That may seem weird, but it’s the case.   We have no clear and certain writing from any Sadducee in all of antiquity that explains what it is they thought and believed.   Even more strange, from all of antiquity up until the time of the Jewish war, [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:54-04:00December 1st, 2024|Early Judaism, Public Forum|

Jewish Sects in the time of Jesus: Pharisees and Sadducees

I am in a short thread discussing Judaism just before and at the time of Jesus.  In that connections, I often get asked about the different Jewish sects in the period. So I'll devote two posts to the question, lifting the discussion from my textbook The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. ****************************** THE FORMATION OF JEWISH SECTS It was during the rule of the Hasmoneans, and evidently in large measure in reaction to it, that various Jewish sects emerged. As we have seen, the Jewish historian Josephus mentions four of these groups; the New Testament refers to three. In one way or another, all of them play a significant role in our understanding of the life of the historical Jesus. I should emphasize at the outset that most Jews in Palestine did not belong to any of these groups. We know this much from Josephus, who indicates that the largest sect, the Pharisees, claimed 6,000 members and that the Essenes claimed 4,000. The Sadducees probably had far fewer. These numbers [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:54-04:00November 28th, 2024|Early Judaism, Public Forum|

Platinum Webinar for December: Topic TBD

Dear Platinum Members, It's time for our Quarterly Platinum Webinar.  We have it scheduled for Thursday, December 5, 2023, at 8:00pm ET. The topic is TBD, but we will update you with that information ahead of the talk. For now, we wanted to give you the date, time, and link so you can mark it down on your calendar. As always, Bart will do a live presentation on the chosen topic and a Q&A session will follow the presentation. Here's the link to join on 12/5: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88666751578?pwd=SNxrJNrlD3elIHNrRkXzt4R5EmX9ej.1 We hope to see you there, but if you're not able to attend live, the event will be recorded. Jen

2025-09-10T13:09:54-04:00November 22nd, 2024|Public Forum|

Intriguing Questions and Attempted Answers!

Here are a couple of the tricky and interesting questions I have received lately on the blog, along with my answers to them.  They seem important enough to me to share more broadly for everyone’s benefit.  As you’ll see, they cover a range of topics.   ****************************** QUESTION: I was wondering if in Paul’s letters themselves, if there is any concept of Jesus worship like we see in the gospels? Many examples including the word proskuneo (προσκυνέω) where it is argued Jesus is being worshiped in the New Testament; are these present in Paul’s letters?   MY RESPONSE: PROSKUNEO is a tricky word in Greek. It is a compound verb formed of KUNEO, which means to “kiss”, and PROS which means “before” and is generally used in the sense of falling down in reverence before someone and/or to show humility in their presence (by kissing their feet?). It is indeed often translated “worship” because it is the sort of thing one does before a god, or in the Xn tradition before God or [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:41-04:00November 21st, 2024|Public Forum, Reader’s Questions|

December 2024 Gold Q&A – Get Your Questions Answered!

Hey Gold & Platinum Members, Bart will be recording the December Gold Q&A on Sunday December 1st at 4pm Eastern Time. Have any questions you've been eager to ask him? Ask anything related to the blog and Bart will do his best to answer. (Bonus points if you can stump him!) Send your questions over to Jen at [email protected]. DEADLINE: Get your question in by the end of the day on Wednesday 11/27 (whenever that is in your time zone). You are invited to join the recording of this session LIVE. Just use this Zoom link to join on Sunday December 1st at 4pm Eastern Time.  (Jen will send out an email reminder with this information as well.) We hope to see you there!

2025-09-10T13:09:54-04:00November 20th, 2024|Public Forum|

New Interview on Agnosticism

Last week, Bart joined Mindy Todd on The Point for a fascinating conversation about agnosticism. The discussion also featured insights from scholar of religion Stephen Prothero and Reverend Nell Fields of the Waquoit Congregational Church. If you’re curious to hear what Bart and the other guests have to say on the topic, you can listen to the full conversation here: The Point with Mindy Todd – Agnosticism

2025-09-10T13:09:53-04:00November 19th, 2024|Public Forum|

How I Begin My Book on Jesus, Ethics, and Altruism

I’ve decided to excerpt a few bits of my book that is now in draft, to see what you think.  Here’s how I’m planning to being it (the start of the Introduction) ****************************** Most people I know are moved by news of tragedy.  A terrible earthquake, a drought, a famine, a flood, displaced people, innocent victims of military aggression, -- we feel pity for those pointlessly suffering and feel a desire, even an obligation, to help, for example by donating to disaster relief.  Almost never do we know the people in need; they are complete strangers, often in far-off lands, people we will never meet and possibly wouldn’t like if we did.  Yet we – at least most of us – want to help. This sense of moral obligation to strangers in need is unnatural.  It is not written into the human DNA nor did it exist in the ancient roots of our Western cultural heritage, either in Greek civilization from the literary and philosophical greats of Homer to Plato onward or in [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00November 13th, 2024|Public Forum|

Blog Fundraiser: The Origins of Altruism Pre-Publication Manuscript Sneak Peek

I'm just about finished (finally) with a reasonably polished draft of my next book, The Origins of Altruism: How the Teachings of Jesus Transformed the Moral Conscience of the West.  I would like to turn the moment into a fund-raising opportunity for the blog. Unlike our other fundraisers, where we suggest a donation amount but accept whatever a participant can pay, for this one we are asking for a set amount.  This will obviously not be for everyone.  If it’s something you don’t want to be involved in, no fears! The book itself will eventually be published and you can read it to your heart's content.  But if you want to see it in its pre-published state, here’s a chance. All the donations will go directly to support our charities; none will go to overhead or, well, anything else. There will be three donation tiers: Supporting Patron: $1000.  Those making a donation of $1000 will be given the opportunity to read a draft of the book and make comments on it.  I will consider the comments [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00November 11th, 2024|Public Forum|

Could Moses Have Been Thutmose, the Overseer of Borderlands? Platinum Post by Serene

Here is a creative proposal for the true identity of Moses by Platinum Member Serene.  She has a daring thesis!  What do you think of it?  Tell us your response and your views! And remember: you as a Platinum member not only get access to all Platinum posts written by other Platinums, but you also can write some yourself!  You don't have to be thoroughly well-versed in the field to write one!  Do you have any thoughts or ideas or curiosities you would like others to see and respond to?  Send us a post!! ****************************** Egyptologist Jan Assman writes, "Three different interpretations have been proposed for this story [Moses' Exodus]. The first sees in it a legend that is a disguised remembrance of the Amarna period." [1]   While many scholars view Moses as a mythical figure placed within a historical context (interpretation three), I suggest Thutmose, the Overseer of Borderlands among many other titles, whose career culminated during the Amarna period (14th century BCE). [2]   Thutmose served Amenhotep III and then his radical [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:08-04:00November 11th, 2024|Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Public Forum|

Jerusalem Through the Ages! Interested in an Expert Discussion?

Are you interested in the amazing and important history of Jerusalem, from the ancient world till today?  I am!  I am pleased to announce a special event being put on by my Department of Religious Studies. a panel discussion of the new book by my colleague Jodi Magness: Jerusalem Through the Ages: From Its Beginnings to the Crusades.  It will be on Sunday November 17, 1:00, remote via Zoom.   I will be moderating the discussion. Many of you will know about Jodi.  She is one of the world's leading experts on the archaeology of ancient Israel, and has been my colleague at UNC since, well, roughly the beginnings of Jerusalem.    In all these years I have never heard her asked a question she could not answer authoritatively. This book is exceptionally good.  The people on the panel are all smart, interesting, and insightful.  If you're interested, here is the brochure announcing the event.  It is a fund-raiser for my department. We have a departmental fund that I myself started years ago called the Robert Miller [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00November 8th, 2024|Public Forum|

An Imagined Dialogue for the Dispute Between Paul & Barnabas in Acts Part 4 by Angus Nisbet

We come now to the final post by Angus Nisbet on the dispute recorded in the NT between Paul and Barnabas, in which he tries to reconstruct what may have really happened (covered up by the NT reporting).  Is it possible that Barnabas actually lashed seriously into Paul and became his enemy?  Is it possible that Paul's enmity with Jewish Christians is what ultimately led to his martyrdom?  Read on!  And Respond! And remember: you as a Platinum member not only get access to all Platinum posts written by other Platinums, but you also can write some yourself!  You don't have to be thoroughly well-versed in the field to write one!  Do you have any thoughts or ideas or curiosities you would like others to see and respond to?  Send us a post!! ****************************** In this fourth post on an Imagined dialogue between Paul and Barnabas for their dispute mentioned in Acts 15: 37-40, Barnabas points out to Paul in the dialogue that Paul’s words about being all things to all people (1 Cor 9: [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:24-04:00November 8th, 2024|Acts of the Apostles, Paul and His Letters, Public Forum|

Can We Know What Jesus Said About Himself?

Do we know what Jesus said about himself? Yesterday I started my two-prong argument for why Jesus probably considered himself the messiah.  The first prong is that Jesus must have been called the messiah during his lifetime, or it makes no sense that he would be called messiah after his death. Even if there were Jews who believed that Jesus was raised from the dead after he was crucified (as indeed there were!  Otherwise we wouldn’t have Christianity), the resurrection of a dead person would never lead anyone to say “Ah, he’s the messiah!”.  No one expected the messiah to be a resurrected person. So Jesus was being called the messiah before his death.  Otherwise, we can’t make sense of the fact that he was called the messiah after his (believed-in) resurrection. Do We Know What Jesus Said About Himself? Several readers have pointed out that this does not mean that Jesus *himself* thought of himself as the messiah.  It simply means that some of his followers did.  That is absolutely right.  [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:39-04:00November 6th, 2024|Historical Jesus, Public Forum|

Take My New Testament Pop Quiz!

A blog member recently asked me if I could post the pop quiz that I used to give t0 my New Testament class on the first day of the semester.  I say "used to" because I have stopped teaching the course, after doing so for 35 years (!), yielding it over to the capable hands of my colleague Hugo Mendez, to allow me to teach small seminar-courses instead here as I progress into geezerhood. I was simply going to refer the blog member to the post where I had given the quiz recently, and ... and I can't find where / when I did!  I'm sure I did! Then again, I'm sure I know where my glasses, keys, and phone are.  But so far as I can tell, it's been years since I did.  So -- well, here it is.  I think this is the post in which I *first* revealed the quiz to interested blog members some ten years ago.  [editor's note: Found it!  My New Testament Pop Quiz].  After some preliminary remarks, I [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:39-04:00November 5th, 2024|Public Forum|

November Gold Q&A: Ask Your Questions!

Update: Here is a link to the replay of this Q&A. Hey Golds and Platinums: Mark your calendars – we've got a monthly Gold Q&A coming up on Sunday November 17th at 7pm Eastern. If you can, join us for the live session—it’s a chance to dive into your burning questions and catch the conversation as it unfolds! Can’t make it live? Not to worry; the replay and audio will be available shortly afterward. You can join the live recording via Zoom using this link. Got a Question? Send it to [email protected], and Jen will compile and send me the list. Remember, brevity is key—short, focused questions will rise to the top! Question Deadline: Thursday, November 14th, by 11:59pm (whenever that occurs in your time zone). (Note: We'll send out reminders in the Friday Recap emails leading up to the 17th.) Looking forward to another lively round of inquiries and insights!

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00November 4th, 2024|Public Forum|

An Imagined Dialogue for the Dispute Between Paul & Barnabas in Acts Part 3 by Angus Nisbet

Now we come to the third of four posts by Platinum member Angus Nisbet on the dispute between Paul and Barnabas recorded in the book of Acts, where he maintains that Mark (as in John Mark, allegedly the author of the Gospel!) was a spy who ratted Paul out.  And it involves a connection with the Essenes who produced the Dead Sea Scrolls.  Whoa!  Check it out and tell us what you think! Remember: you as a Platinum member not only get access to all Platinum posts written by other Platinums, but you also can write some yourself!  You don't have to be thoroughly well-versed in the field to write one!  Do you have any thoughts or ideas or curiosities you would like others to see and respond to?  Send us a post!! ****************************** In this third post on the Imagined dialogue between Paul and Barnabas for their dispute mentioned in Acts 15: 37-40, the dialogue uses verses from Paul’s letter to the Galatians in which Paul attacks those whom he refers to as false [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:23-04:00November 4th, 2024|Acts of the Apostles, Paul and His Letters, Public Forum|

Island Hopping with History: Join Our Greek Odyssey this May!

I will be giving lectures on another glorious tour to some of the Greek Islands this coming May 14-26. This will be fantastic. Some blog members came with me on a similar trip last year, but to different islands. It was life-long-memorable. If it’s humanly possible, think about joining up! Space will be limited – so if you’re interested, check out the brochure I provide below at the bottom of the post. It will give you all the details you would need to know, and I’m happy to address any questions you have. Here is what I say about the trip in the description. ************************* The Greek Islands are some of my favorite places on earth. I’ve been on a number of occasions, and this Thalassa Journey is taking me there again. Wanna come with me? We will be island-hopping to some of the most scenic sites in the world – stunningly gorgeous landscapes and seascapes, incredibly beautiful villages and towns, museums, monasteries, churches, and archaeological sites: some of the oldest remnants of western civilization. [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00November 3rd, 2024|Public Forum|

An Imagined Dialogue for the Dispute Between Paul & Barnabas in Acts Part 2 by Angus Nisbet

Here Angus Nisbet continues his discussion of Paul and Barnabas and the dispute they had, where he gets into more fascinating issues, involving what might lie behind the dispute and how non-canonical writings that did not make it into the NT might help us figure it out.  There are some controversial views here.  What do you think? Remember: you as a Platinum member not only get access to all Platinum posts written by other Platinums, but you also can write some yourself!  You don't have to be thoroughly well-versed in the field to write one!  Do you have any thoughts or ideas or curiosities you would like others to see and respond to?  Send us a post!! ******************************* In this second post on the imagined dialogue between Paul and Barnabas for their dispute mentioned in Acts 15: 37-40, I begin the first of 3 sections of the dispute dialogue, in which of Paul’s responses to Barnabas make use of Paul’s actual writings from his New Testament letters.  In this first section of the imagined dialogue, [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:23-04:00November 1st, 2024|Acts of the Apostles, Paul and His Letters, Public Forum|

Blog Etiquette in These Troubling Times!

In these massively troubling times (no need for me to itemize the issues) and the incredibly disturbing bifurcation of opinions, views, and perspectives, where very few people have even the slightest interest in listening to someone on "the other side," there is at least one thing that virtually everyone agrees on:  these are massively troubling times with incredibly disturbing bifurcation of ....   Well. right.  We can at least agree it's a mess. And what, I ask you, does that have to do with the blog?  Well, in short, nothing and everything. Over lo these many years, I have tried very hard to allow everyone to express their opinions on matters connected with the blog -- principally, the study of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, the origins of Christianity, the first several centuries of Christian literature and history, and cognate fields such as Hebrew Bible, early Judaism, Greek and Roman religion, with a touch of personal religious views and modern religion, etc. I have also tried very hard not to take sides on the social [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:40-04:00October 28th, 2024|Public Forum|

An Imagined Dialogue for the Dispute Between Paul & Barnabas in Acts Part I by Angus Nisbet

Here is the first of a four-post thread for Platinum members by long-standing Platinum member Angus Nisbet.  It is a terrifically imaginative discussion of Paul and Barnabas (focused on the book of Acts) that touches on a wide range of issues that we deal with a lot on the blog -- Paul's conflict with other apostles such as James; the views of Christ and salvation dominant among the earliest Jewish followers of Jesus; early Christian Gnosticism; the reliability of the book of Acts; and ... more!  Angus will be interested in your feedback, and so will I! Remember: you as a Platinum member not only get access to all Platinum posts written by other Platinums, but you also can write some yourself!  You don't have to be thoroughly well-versed in the field to write one!  Do you have any thoughts or ideas or curiosities you would like others to see and respond to?  Send us a post!! ****************************** This first post is an introduction to a series of 3 further posts, in which I have [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:09-04:00October 28th, 2024|Acts of the Apostles, Paul and His Letters, Public Forum|

Unexpected Social Agendas in the New Testament. Who Woulda Thought?

Most Christians turn to the Bible to some degree or another for guidance on their ethical views and perspectives on social agendas.  For those who read it closely, the Bible can be problematic ethically.  Most people realize there is a problem with the endorsement of slavery in the Bible (both Old and New Testaments); few have ever seen that there is also a problem with what today we think of a "family values." In my book The New Testament: A Historical Introduction, now in its eight edition with Hugo Mendez (Oxford University Press, 2024), I address these issues very briefly in a couple of those side-bar boxes I've mentioned in the two previous posts.  Here they are! ******************************  Box 22.12  What Do You Think? The New Testament and Slavery Many people who read the book of Philemon simply assume that Paul writes the letter in order to urge Philemon to set his slave Onesimus free.  After all, slavery is, and was, a horrible institution, and surely the apostle would have done everything [...]

2025-09-10T13:09:25-04:00October 26th, 2024|Public Forum|
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