BDEhrman, Author at The Bart Ehrman Blog - Page 17 of 203

About BDEhrman

Ehrman is the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he has served as the director of graduate studies and chair of the Department of Religious Studies.

1 Corinthians: For Further Reading

Since Paul’s letter of 1 Corinthians is so central to the modern study of Paul, most of the scholarly books written about Paul for general audiences will either deal directly with it or be in part based on it. I devote a fuller discussion of 1 Corinthians in my textbook, Bart Ehrman and Hugo Mendez, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2024), ch. 20. That’s a good place to start for a fuller exposition of what I have given here in my nutshell posts. If you have an earlier edition of the book, it will be pretty much the same, except for the expanded bibliography. Here is an annotated bibliography of books that will deal with 1 Corinthians, most of them as part of their overall discussion of Paul and his letters. For direct discussion of 1 Corinthians in particular, see especially the book by Dale Martin (The Corinthian Body) and the two commentaries. ****************************** Aune, David. The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 8th, 2025|Public Forum|

1 Corinthians: Who, When, and Why?
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1 Corinthians: Who, When, and Why?

Paul and His Letters

1 Corinthians: Who, When, and Why?

Now that I have summarized the major themes and emphases of 1 Corinthians in the previous post, I can address the more specific questions of authorship, date, and purpose. 1 Corinthians is one of the seven undisputed Pauline letters – which, of course, does not mean that no one has ever disputed its authorship, only that the solid critical consensus is that Paul wrote it. Its writing style, themes, mode of argumentation, presupposed historical context, theological views, and most everything else cohere well with what we can establish as Pauline, so in this case (unlike letters such as Ephesians or 1 Timothy) there is little reason to doubt its authorial claim. As is true of all of Paul’s letters (and the ones forged in his name!) 1 Corinthians begins (as did nearly all ancient personal correspondence), with the writer stating his name and indicating to whom he is writing: Paul, called to be an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and our brother Sosthenes, To the church of God that is in [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 6th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

1 Corinthians in a Nutshell

I continue now in my thread of providing “nutshell” overviews of each of the books of the New Testament by moving on to one of the favorite Pauline letters for many readers, Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians. In 1 Corinthians Paul deals with a number of ethical issues confronting the Christian community. Among its many gems is one of the favorite passages of the entire Bible, the “love” chapter of 1 Corinthians 13, which has been read at roughly 99.9% of all weddings in the history of humanity. One of the big surprises of actually studying the book is that what this chapter is not discussing anything about a wedded couple having many years of marital bliss. In fact, it’s not about marriage but, well, using one’s spiritual gifts in the church. Go figure. 1 Corinthians is Paul’s second longest surviving letter (next to Romans) and is difficult to summarize briefly, in part because it deals with so many issues, one-by-one. Have you read it? Ever think about it? If not, no problem. Keep [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:26-04:00April 3rd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Two Fundamental Questions: How Do You Date a Manuscript and How Do you Know the Meaning of a Word?

Among the interesting questions I've received recently from blog readers, two strike me as especially key for understanding how scholars make the claims they do; one of the questions challenges whether I have grounds to make one of the claims I do! Good questions. Some grounds (say, of coffee) are better than others. Here are the questions and my responses. ****************************** QUESTION What is the process to assign a year to a text? For example, when you say that the earliest text of Matthew that we still have comes from 375 CE where do you get that date? Do the authors of the texts write the year? Thanks! RESPONSE: I don’t think you are asking when the text of Matthew itself was written (which was 80=85 or so) but when this particular manuscript (the earliest one that contains Matthew) was produced. And so that’s what I will answer. There is a discipline called palaeography (literally "ancient writing) that dates manuscripts, mainly on the basis of handwriting analysis. Since everything in antiquity was [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00April 2nd, 2025|New Testament Manuscripts, Reader’s Questions, Reflections and Ruminations|

Paul and Women Apostles

Here now is a final post about an interesting feature of Paul's letter to the Romans. as you may know, Paul is often considered one of the real misogynists of Christian antiquity. But I'm not sure that's right. Most of the antipathy toward his views are based on 1 Timothy 2:11-15, a book he didn't write, and 1 Corinthians 14:34-35, a passage that was probably inserted into his letter by someone else. No one can deny (well, at least I can't deny) that there are yet other passages in Paul that are completely unacceptable to modern proponents of women's rights, including, rather forcefully, me. BUT there are other passages that show that Paul not only allowed, but encouraged, women to be leaders of the church, in a world where women's leadership of most anything outside the private space of the home was both unusual and frowned upon. A key passage comes at the very end of Paul's letter to the Romans. It involves a woman he acknowledges as one of the most [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 27th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

The Earliest Understanding of Christ? The Hint in Paul’s Letter to the Romans
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The Earliest Understanding of Christ? The Hint in Paul’s Letter to the Romans

Early Christian Doctrine, Paul and His Letters

The Earliest Understanding of Christ? The Hint in Paul’s Letter to the Romans

Because of the importance of Paul's letter to the Romans, I want to provide a couple of additional reflections on key points in the letter, one at the very beginning and one at the end, before moving on in this Nutshell Thread to 1 Corinthians. On a number of occasions I have argued on the blog that that the earliest understanding of Christ among his first followers was a kind of "low" Christology, one that considered Jesus to be a full flesh and blood human being (as he considered himself!), and nothing more than a man, until at some point God exalted him and made him his son, the ruler of all, the messiah, the Lord. But "claiming" something is not the same as showing it. I realize a lot of people today don't really care about "evidence" or "proof," but are happy simply to believe what someone tells them, so long as it's someone they like for one reason or another. But I have to admit, I'm an evidence guy. I want to have [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T12:52:16-04:00March 26th, 2025|Early Christian Doctrine, Paul and His Letters|

Paul’s Letter to the Romans: For Further Reading
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Paul’s Letter to the Romans: For Further Reading

Public Forum

Paul’s Letter to the Romans: For Further Reading

Since Paul’s letter to the Romans is so central to the modern study of Paul, most of the scholarly books written about Paul for general audiences will either deal directly with it or be in part based on it. For a list of some of the best of those, see my previous post (“The Life and Letters of Paul: For Further Reading” (March 16, 2025). I devote a full chapter to Romans in my textbook, Bart Ehrman and Hugo Mendez, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 8th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2024), ch. 21. That’s a good place to start for a fuller exposition of what I have given here in my nutshell posts. If you have an earlier edition of the book, it will be pretty much the same, except for the expanded bibliography. Here is bibliography based on my seventh and eight editions (combined) of my book: Books about Romans Donfried, Karl P., ed. The Romans Debate, 2nd ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrikson, 1991. A collection [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:23-04:00March 25th, 2025|Public Forum|

Unusually Important for the Letter to the Romans: Paul’s Models of Salvation

In my initial post on Romans that gave a “nutshell” view of its overarching message, I indicated that Paul explained his Gospel by means of a “bad news/good news” schema, that in the shortest hand possible explained that all humans, whether Jew or Gentile, were doomed because of “sin” (bad news) but could have “salvation” through the death and resurrection of Jesus (good news). I also indicated that in Romans Paul expressed this bad news/good news scenario in two major ways. In this post I want to explicate the matter further. Elsewhere on the blog I’ve called these two ways of understanding sin and salvation as “models” of Paul’s understanding of how Christ can bring reconciliation with God. Both models involve “sin” but mean something different by it; both show that Christ can bring deliverance from salvation but express how it works in a different way. I normally call these two ways of understanding it all as the “judicial” and the “participationist” models. In very rough terms, the “judicial” model is principally laid out in [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 23rd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

The Letter to the Romans: Who, When, and Why?

In my previous post I summarized the major themes of the letter to the Romans; in that context I mentioned already some of the key aspects of both authorship and purpose. But in this post I want to dig deeper into who wrote it, when, and at particular length, why. ****************************** Romans is the sixth book of the New Testament and the first for which we are virtually certain as to the authorship. The Gospels and Acts are anonymous, only later attributed to their eponymous authors (eponymous being one of those words I love). Romans, however, names its author -- in the first word! "Paul." Lots of other writings claim to be by the apostle Paul but were actually written by other people claiming to be Paul, as I've mentioned; six of those are in the NT (at least six that are debated) and there are more than that outside it (none of which are debated). But in this case there is little doubt about the matter. This letter claims to be by Paul, is [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 22nd, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Will I See Fido in Heaven? Webinar on the Afterlife of Animals with Me and Barbara Ambros

In case you missed the announcement, I'm doing a one-hour webinar on whether your beloved pet will be joining you in the heavenly realm when you've both passed of your respective mortal coils. It's this Sunday, March 23, 1:00, remote. All info below. It's a fundraiser for my department, to help grad students in their programs to be trained as researchers and teachers. A worthy cause! The Robert Miller Fund is one that I myself started some years ago, to provide assistance for grad students needing to present papers at conferences and similar needs. It's an increasingly important cause for those of us committed the spread of knowledge about religion in the generation to come. Here's the fuller announcement (with video). Register: https://unc.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_9Oxg0DBJQ_2WiyHKO7Elsw Donate: https://give.unc.edu/donate?f=105550&p=aasf https://vimeo.com/1063322255/1f0e8c4faa?share=copy Will I See Fido in Heaven? The Afterlife of Animals in Buddhism and Christianity Do our pets go to heaven? Do they have souls? Can we talk about the salvation of a pet? What about reincarnation, can our pets come back as other animals, or even as people? This [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:25-04:00March 21st, 2025|Public Forum|

Interested in Visiting the Greek Islands with Me? Spots Still Available!

In case you didn't catch this the first time, I'd like to invite anyone who is interested and able to come with me on an amazing trip this summer, in just two months. Space is limited – so if you’re interested, check out the brochure I provide below at the bottom of the post. It will give you all the details you would need to know, and I’m happy to address any questions you have. Here is what I say about the trip in the description. ************************* The Greek Islands are some of my favorite places on earth. I’ve been on a number of occasions, and this Thalassa Journey is taking me there again. Wanna come with me? We will be island-hopping to some of the most scenic sites in the world – stunningly gorgeous landscapes and seascapes, incredibly beautiful villages and towns, museums, monasteries, churches, and archaeological sites: some of the oldest remnants of western civilization. I can’t tell you how excited I am about this trip. Some of the places we’ll be [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:24-04:00March 18th, 2025|Public Forum|

Paul’s Letter to the Romans in a Nutshell

I will now move to a nutshell mini-thread on the individual Pauline letters in the New Testament. I will be covering them in canonical sequence, including both the so-called undisputed Pauline letters, which I’m saying are “so-called” simply because scholars in every field dispute flippin’ everything (well, almost everything), and the disputed epistles, which, as it turns out are undisputably disputed! The thirteen letters are arranged not in chronological (or alphabetical!) sequence, but by length: with Romans as the longest and Philemon the shortest. Note: in this arrangement, letters to the SAME audience (two each to the Corinthians and the Thessalonians) are combined in order to determine their length. And so, the sequence (with U meaning undisputed and D disputed) is Romans (U) 1 Corinthians (U) 2 Corinthians (U) Galatians (U) Ephesians (D) Philippians (U) Colossians (D) 1 Thessalonians (U) 2 Thessalonians (D) 1 Timothy (D) 2 Timothy (D) Titus (D) Philemon (U) In this four-post mini-thread, I deal with the letter to the Romans. I begin by giving a 50-word summary. If you know [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:08-04:00March 18th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Paul’s Life and Letters: For Further Reading

Now that I have provided nutshell summaries of Paul’s life, letters, and significance, I can provide some suggestions for further reading. Here is an annotated list of some of the books you may find useful. These are taken from my textbook, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings (Oxford University Press) in which I devote six chapters to Paul. Another resource not listed in the textbook would be the (different!) six chapters I devote to discussing Paul's biography in my book Peter, Paul, and Mary Magadalene (HarperOne). ****************************** Aune, David. The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1987. Includes a superb discussion of the practices of letter writing in Greco-Roman antiquity as the social context for Paul’s epistles. Beker, J. Christiaan. Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980. A sophisticated and astute discussion of the apocalyptic character of Paul’s theology and its various forms of expression in different situations that the apostle confronted. For advanced students. Bruce, F. F. [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:08-04:00March 16th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

The Life of Paul in a Nutshell

Now that I have provided an overview of the significance of Paul and his letters (my previous post) I can summarize what we can know about his life. I begin by trying to give a fifty-word version: Paul, originally a zealous Greek-speaking Jew, vigorously opposed early Christians before having a vision of the resurrected Jesus that convinced him that the crucifixion was God’s plan of salvation for both Jew and gentile, leading him to spread his law-free gospel to gentiles in major urban areas of the Mediterranean. Now I can provide a fuller summary of what we can know of Paul’s life. We are fortunate that it is so well documented, with a biographical account in the book of Acts and a collection of seven letters that he himself wrote, in which he occasionally mentions aspects of his past. But there are major difficulties as well. Because the key aspects of his life were already known among his converts in the churches he founded, in his letters he refers to it only [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:08-04:00March 15th, 2025|Paul and His Letters, Public Forum|

The Significance and Letters of Paul, in a Nutshell

Now that I have covered the Gospels and Acts in this “Nutshell” series, it is time to move on to the writings of Paul. Rather than start with his first letter in the New Testament, Romans, I’ve decided to devote a couple of posts to Paul himself, one to his significance and surviving letters and one to a biographical sketch. I start by giving a 50 word summary his writings, the “seven undisputed letters” in a nutshell: Paul wrote seven of the letters attributed to him, addressing problems of churches he had established (five letters), of a church he planned to visit (Romans), and of an individual convert (Philemon), resolving their issues by explaining the implications of his law-free Gospel of Christ for faith and communal life. I found this 50-worder especially difficult. See if you can do better! But for now I will provide a short introduction to Paul and his letters. ****************************** By any metric you choose, Paul was the most important figure in the history of Christianity apart from Jesus himself. This [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:07-04:00March 13th, 2025|Paul and His Letters|

Personal Update: My Book on the Ethics of Jesus

I am happy to report that I have now, finally, finished my manuscript on the ethics of Jesus and have sent it in to my editor for her to peruse and suggest edits. Phew!! This one seems to have been a “Slow Train Coming.” Huge relief. I’ve changed the title I’ve been giving it for the past couple of years. I very much liked what I had: “The Origins of Altruism: How the Teachings of Jesus Transformed the Moral Conscience of the West,” but my editors in the end weren’t thrilled with it. They liked the subtitle, but didn’t think the title was catchy enough. I disagreed, but eventually (kicking and screaming) came to see their point. I’d always felt like I’d have to defend it anyway – since the book is emphatic that Jesus did NOT invent altruism!! But that was part of the catch, I thought. In any event, even though a lot of people liked it, others were ambivalent. So I’ve changed it. So far the editors like the new title, but [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:07-04:00March 12th, 2025|Public Forum|

Dating Manuscripts and Understanding Mark: Readers’ Questions

How much historical information about Jesus does the Gospel of Mark present? How do you date an ancient manuscript? Why does Mark have a "messianic secret"? These are among the very good questions I've received recently, and here is how I've tried to answer them succinctly. ****************************** QUESTION: How much of the historical Jesus does Mark capture, either purposefully or accidentally? RESPONSE: Well, it's impossible to put a percentage on it. For one thing, if it’s correct that Jesus' lived for, say, 30-33 years (who knows?), it’s worth noting that Mark's Gospel takes roughly two hours to read/recite. Necessarily he would have captured only a tiny fraction of the historical Jesus' life, even if he is 100% accurate. He's clearly not 100% accurate, so the question for most historical scholars is not how much of his life does he capture but how accurate is the information that he does give. That's impossible to quantify definitively, in no small measure be because different scholars would give different responses (though none of them in a percentage!). What [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:07-04:00March 11th, 2025|Canonical Gospels, Reader’s Questions|

The Gospel of Mark: Are You Interested in a More Extended Discussion?

These "In a Nutshell" posts on the books of the New Testament are obviously meant to provide quick, concise, and accurate information about each of the books of the New Testament. Many of you may be interested in longer expositions. To that end, you may be interested in the far more extensive discussions that I give in the various lecture courses that I've done on some of them for the venture I started a couple of years ago, Paths in Biblical Studies (unconnected with the blog). I particularly enjoyed the eight-lecture one I did on the Gospel of Mark (50 minute lectures; two Q&A's; and additional materials provided). You can find it here: Unknown Jesus. Blog members get a discount with the code Blog5. Whether you want to get the course or not, I thought it would be valuable to explain what I cover there, lecture by lecture. And so here is a summary, along with questions for reflection that some should be able to answer if they've listened to the lecture. Lecture [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:07-04:00March 9th, 2025|Public Forum|

Did Jesus BECOME the Son of God? The Christology of Acts

In broad terms, there were two major kinds of Christology in the early church. One of them could be called an "incarnation" Christology, since it maintains that Christ was a pre-existent divine being who became a human, as explicitly stated in John 1:1-18 and Philippians 2:6-11. That's the view, of course, that most Christians have always held, and is often referred to as a "high" Christology, where Christ starts out up above, with God, as divine himself. The other could be called an “exaltation” Christology , sometimes called a “low” Christology or a Christology from below, where Jesus started out as a human, nothing more, but came to be exalted by God to become his Son, the Lord (at some point of his existence.) As I tried to show in my book How Jesus Became God, this was the oldest view among the Christians, and can be found in fragments of creeds and confessions that were later quoted by authors of the New Testament, so that in terms of raw chronology, they were formulated well *before* the [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:06-04:00March 6th, 2025|Acts of the Apostles|

The Acts of the Apostles: For Further Reading

Now that I’ve devoted two posts to the major sine qua non of the book of Acts – one that lays out its major themes and emphases, the other that deals with who wrote it, when, and why, I can provide some suggestions for further reading, important works written by scholars for non-scholars. I have given brief annotations for each book to give you a sense of what it’s about and so help you decide which, if any, might be worth your while. I have divided the list into three sections: Books that provide important discussion of Luke in general or with respect to a particularly key topic Commentaries that give lengthy introductions to all matters of importance about the book of Acts and then go passage by passage to provide more detailed interpretation (that’s where you can dig more deeply into “what does this particular word actually mean?”; “what is the real point of this passage”; how does this passage relate to what Luke says elsewhere in his two-volume work or [...]

BDEhrman2025-09-10T13:11:06-04:00March 5th, 2025|Public Forum|

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