In my post on The Work of a Professional Scholar I gave a brief overview of the sorts of courses that I teach at UNC. There is nothing particularly unusual about the courses I teach. I have hundreds of friends and colleagues who teach classes on the New Testament and on Early Christianity around the country, and most of them have courses very similar to the ones I teach – so long as they are not teaching in a fundamentalist or conservative evangelical environment. One difference among my friends and colleagues has to do with the teaching load. At major research institutions such as UNC, the normal teaching load is relatively light – two courses a semester (for me that translates into one undergraduate lecture course and one PhD seminar each term; the seminars are much smaller, but they are also way, way more work!). At smaller colleges the load may be as many as four or five courses each term. Obviously the research expectations in that setting are much lower, just as the expectations of student interaction — advising, counseling, directing, and spending time with students – is much higher.
I have said a few things about my Introduction to the New Testament course in my other posting. Here I’ll elaborate a bit. For the course there are two main textbooks. One, naturally, is the New Testament itself. The students read most of the New Testament (not all of it, I’m sorry to say) over the course of the semester, and they are expected to get to know it very well indeed. For the Final exam they need to be able to explain the themes and major ideas found in each of the twenty-seven books of the New Testament. The other textbook is a scholarly introduction to the New Testament. In my class we use the textbook that I myself wrote: The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.
I have to admit that I have some qualms about using my own textbook for my course. But the reality is that I wrote it precisely because I wanted to use it. It is now in its fifth edition (I revise it in a new edition every four years). One of the reasons so many other professors like using it is that it approaches the New Testament from a strictly historical point of view, rather than from a theological or confessional perspective. When I was first writing the book in the early 1990s, I was not sure anyone would even want a book like that, since hardly any such things existed (even though there were tons of textbooks available for the course). But it turns out my fears were misplaced. It was exactly the kind of book that people were looking for. (Lucky me!) Even a number of teachers who prefer to approach the New Testament theologically have liked the book – in part because they do not need to argue theology with the author of the textbook. I do the history, and they can do the theology. Other teachers themselves prefer a strictly historical approach, and so like to use the book.
The way I set up my class is not at all unusual. We start by studying the context of the New Testament: The Greco-Roman world. This gets short shrift in the class, since time is so short and we need to move on to the New Testament. But students at least get an introduction to some of the important historical events (the Rise of Rome; the Hellenization of the Mediterranean), important figures (Alexander the Great, Octavius), religious features (characteristics of ancient pagan religions), and cultural aspects (the Greek language and culture) of the New Testament environment. Within that broader context we talk about the distinctive features of Judaism, including the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament) and characteristics of Jewish religion and religiosity at the time of Jesus.
Eventually – it doesn’t take long – we get to the New Testament itself, and we consider each book of the New Testament separately. A number of my colleagues at other schools like to start their study of the New Testament with the writings of Paul, on the logic that he was the first of our New Testament writers to write. That is, his letters were produced before the Gospels, and if you start with the Gospels, you are not really treating the books in historical (chronological) fashion. I’m completely sympathetic with that idea, but I’ve never done it that way (and don’t organize my book that way). The problem I have is that it is impossible, for me, to start with Paul without the students knowing something about Jesus. And students can’t know anything about Jesus without first studying the Gospels. So I start with the Gospels, even though they were written after Paul’s letters.
One of the hardest things I have to teach the students is that the Gospels are each different from one another. They all are about Jesus – and three of them (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) tell many of the same stories about Jesus. But when looked at in detail, they are very, very different from one another, often in significant ways. Students tend to blend them all together, so that if they read something in John, they assume it is saying the same thing as what they read earlier in Mark, or if they read a story in Matthew they supply information for it from Luke. Etc. I think that is the wrong way to read the Gospels, and the way I get students to see the problem with this common way of reading is by getting them to see all the discrepancies in the Gospels
The reason I work to get the students to see that there are discrepancies and contradictions among the Gospels is not so they can come away from the class and say: “HA!! The New Testament is full of contradictions!” As it turns out, that is true, it is. But that’s not the point. The point is that since there are so many discrepancies, it means that each of the accounts of Jesus has to be read, interpreted, and understood on its own. Mark’s version is at odds in many ways with Luke’s; Matthew’s is at odds with John. Each has its own version and its own message and its own understanding of Jesus. Students who fail to grasp that basic and fundamental fact can never really understand the New Testament.
To get the students to see this, I have them do a number of exercises. For example, I have them compare and contrast in very minute detail what each of the Gospels says about the resurrection of Jesus. The reality is that the accounts can’t be reconciled. The same with the birth narratives in Matthew and Luke (the only two Gospels that tell the stories). The same with the crucifixion narratives. The same with … well, the same with lots and lots of the stories.
If the Gospels do not agree on these stories, there are two important implications: (a) literarily, it means that each story has to be read for its message, its point, its take on Jesus and his significance. Because each of the Gospels has its own story to tell; (b) historically, if they are all at odds, they cannot all be historically accurate – any more than two “eyewitnesses” to a murder who tell stories at odds with each other cannot both be right (at the points where they flat out contradict each other).
And so we move from seeing that each of the Gospels has to be understood on its own terms to try to understand the essential message of each of the Gospels. And we look at a couple of the Gospels that did not make it into the New Testament (the Gospel of Peter and the Gospel of Thomas).
Once we do that – all of this takes a number of weeks — we move on to talk about what we can know about the historical Jesus, given the fact that our sources for knowing about him are historically problematic. I’ll talk about that aspect of the course in my next posting.
Prof Ehrman
Sorry if you’ve answered this question before but for the undergraduates who are not expected to master Greek what translation of the Bible do you use? Probably not the KJV I bet.
Thanks-
You would bet right! The KJV is obviously a classic in the English language, and should be read as such. But it is not a good study Bible. My preferred translation is the New Revised Standard Version, which I especially like in a study edition, such as the HarperCollins Study Bible.
Hi, Bart. I’ve read most of your popular books, and I’ve recently got ahold of your textbook as well. I’m about a third of the way through it, and I must say, it’s a terrifically lucid and illuminating read. I’d recommend it to anyone who’s enjoyed your best sellers, and not just the students enrolled in your course.
Dear Mr. Ehrman, I am a big fan of your work. I use “the new testament 4th edition”, “the orthodox corruption of scripture”, “the text of the new testament (co-wrote)”, and the late master of the NT Mr. Metzger’s “the canon of the new testament” exclusively in my studies. I am finishing my degree in religion and would like to go to seminary but holding to your and Mr. Metzgers ideas has been a problem throughout my classes. Would you recomend ANTS as a place that would allow texual criticism beliefs? Also, I would really like to know your opinion on the Didache I know you consider it proto-orthodox but I believe it is “the way” as originally taught by the Apostles. You mention it in passing but never go into detail in this important work. Mr. Crossan used it often in his momentous work “the birth of christianity” and Robert Aldridge’s papers of “peter and the two ways”, “lost ending to the Didache” but I would love to know your opinion on it.
Is ANTS Andover Newton? yup, it’s a good school, one of many many. You would have no trouble holding to Metzger’s views — though mine may raise a few hackles…. The Didache: I have a translation and introductoin to it in my Apostolic Fathers (Loeb Classical Library; Harvard University Press). That should tell you what you need.
I’m putting some thought together from reading David W. Pao’s ” Act’s and the Isaianic New Exodus” I like his thesis but if you add the Didache with it it becomes a very powerful proto-orthodox view of “the way”. Ill get your book on the Didache when winter break arives.
I agree, Bart, that there are many discrepancies in the Gospels. I agree that “students who fail to grasp that basic and fundamental fact can never really understand the New Testament.” I would quibble, though, with your assertion that “each of the accounts of Jesus *has* [emphasis added] to be read, interpreted, and understood on its own.”
Perhaps it could help you in your difficult and necessary task of teaching your students grasp that each gospel account has its “own version and its own message and its own understanding of Jesus” if you were to you acknowledge up front that there are in fact milieux where your students’ tendency to “blend them all together” can be appropriate.
I think here of the saints in the adult Sunday school classes I once taught. They, like your students, often blended the the Gospel accounts all together. In the context of a Protestant Sunday school class, though, I cannot for the life of me think that inappropriate. Sure, some Decembers I would teach a lesson on the differences in the Christmas stories in Matthew and Luke. My classes enjoyed that. But, then, we would all happily retire to the sanctuary and “blend them all together” again. Hey, it was Christmas!
It’s wonderful that you broaden your students’ horizons, Bart. Maybe you would find that easier to do if you took a little extra care to reassure your students that in broadening, they need not (as, perhaps, you have?) abandon in all circumstances the perspectives they have brought into your class.
Just a thought. Many, many thanks for your good work! 🙂